Nokea
The PAMP recognized by NOD1 is
- A. Flagellin
- B. CpG DNA
- C. Peptidoglycan
- D. K+ efflux
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Peptidoglycan. NOD1 recognizes peptidoglycan, a component of bacterial cell walls. This recognition triggers an immune response. Flagellin (A) is recognized by TLR5, CpG DNA (B) is recognized by TLR9, and K+ efflux (D) is not a PAMP recognized by NOD1. Thus, only peptidoglycan is the correct choice for NOD1 recognition.
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When a patient is undergoing brachytherapy, what is it important for the nurse to be aware of when caring for this patient?
- A. The patient will undergo simulation to identify and mark the field of treatment
- B. The patient is a source of radiation and personnel must wear film badges during care
- C. The goal of this treatment is only palliative and the patient should be aware of the expected outcome
- D. Computerized dosimetry is used to determine the maximum dose of radiation to the tumor within an acceptable dose to normal tissue
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Patients undergoing brachytherapy emit radiation, requiring safety measures for healthcare providers.
What is the role of pattern recognition in innate immunity, as proposed by Janeway?
- A. Specific recognition of antigens
- B. Binding toxins to create immunity
- C. Identifying common pathogen-associated molecular patterns
- D. Suppressing lymphocyte activation
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Pattern recognition in innate immunity, as proposed by Janeway, involves identifying common pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). This is crucial for initiating the immune response against pathogens. PAMPs are specific molecular patterns found on pathogens but not on host cells. By recognizing these patterns, the innate immune system can quickly and effectively identify potential threats and trigger the appropriate immune response.
Explanation of why other choices are incorrect:
A: Specific recognition of antigens is a function of adaptive immunity, not innate immunity.
B: Binding toxins to create immunity is not the primary role of pattern recognition in innate immunity.
D: Suppressing lymphocyte activation is not the role of pattern recognition in innate immunity; rather, it is involved in activating immune responses against pathogens.
Which of the following is the best dietary advice to maximize the immune function in healthy people?
- A. To include immune-enhancing formulas.
- B. To avoid polyunsaturated fatty acids.
- C. To increase intake of essential fatty acids and omega-3 fatty acids.
- D. To follow a balanced and varied diet.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: A balanced and varied diet ensures the intake of all necessary nutrients that support optimal immune function.
Which of the following is NOT a feature of adaptive immunity?
- A. Slow response compared to innate immunity
- B. Highly specific recognition of antigens
- C. Memory function
- D. Present at birth
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Present at birth. Adaptive immunity is not present at birth; it develops over time in response to exposure to pathogens. A: Adaptive immunity has a slower response compared to innate immunity as it requires activation and proliferation of specific immune cells. B: Adaptive immunity is highly specific in recognizing antigens through antigen receptors on T and B cells. C: Adaptive immunity has memory function, allowing the immune system to "remember" previous encounters with specific pathogens for a faster and stronger response upon re-exposure.
Which of the following cells are 'professional' antigen presenting cells
- A. Neutrophils, dendritic cells, B cells
- B. B cells, T cells, dendritic cells
- C. Macrophages, B cells, dendritic cells
- D. Neutrophils, epithelial cells, dendritic cells
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Macrophages, B cells, dendritic cells. Professional antigen-presenting cells are specialized immune cells that effectively present antigens to T cells. Macrophages, B cells, and dendritic cells are considered professional APCs because they express major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules and co-stimulatory molecules, allowing them to effectively activate T cells. Neutrophils and epithelial cells are not considered professional APCs as they have limited ability to present antigens to T cells. B cells and T cells are not APCs themselves, but B cells can act as APCs when they present antigens to T cells in the context of an immune response.