Basic Immune System Quizlet

Basic Immune System Quizlet Related

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A nurse caring for clients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) plans care understanding the most common causes of death for these clients is which of the following? (Select one that does not apply.)

  • A. Infection
  • B. Cardiovascular impairment
  • C. Vasculitis
  • D. Chronic kidney disease
Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Vasculitis. Vasculitis is a common complication of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and can lead to serious organ damage and even death. In SLE, inflammation affects blood vessels, leading to vasculitis which can cause tissue damage and impaired blood flow. While infections, cardiovascular impairment, and chronic kidney disease are also common causes of mortality in SLE patients, vasculitis is specifically associated with the disease and its complications. Infections can occur due to the immune system's weakened response, cardiovascular issues can arise from inflammation and damage to the heart and blood vessels, and chronic kidney disease can develop due to immune complex deposition in the kidneys. However, vasculitis is the most directly linked cause of death in SLE patients due to its impact on multiple organ systems.

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A patient with a pH of 7.29 has metabolic acidosis. Which value is useful in determining whether the cause of the acidosis is an acid gain or a bicarbonate loss?

  • A. PaCO2
  • B. Anion gap
  • C. Serum Na+ level
  • D. Bicarbonate level
Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Bicarbonate levels help differentiate between acid gain (low bicarbonate) and bicarbonate loss (normal or high anion gap).

The dark zone of germinal centers (GC) is composed of

  • A. Rapidly proliferating B cells
  • B. T cells and dendritic cells
  • C. Rapidly proliferating T cells
  • D. Follicular dendritic cells
Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The dark zone of germinal centers is composed of rapidly proliferating B cells. This is because during the dark zone phase of the germinal center reaction, B cells undergo rapid proliferation and somatic hypermutation to generate high-affinity antibodies. T cells and dendritic cells are typically found in the light zone of the germinal centers where B cells interact with them to receive signals for selection. Rapidly proliferating T cells are not typically found in the dark zone. Follicular dendritic cells are present in the light zone where they present antigens to B cells but not in the dark zone where B cell proliferation mainly occurs.

In order to grow, all microorganisms require:

  • A. liquid water
  • B. organic substances
  • C. oxygen
  • D. warm temperatures
Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: liquid water. Water is essential for all cellular functions, including metabolism and nutrient transport. Without water, microorganisms cannot grow or survive. Organic substances (choice B) are important as a nutrient source, but water is indispensable for growth. While oxygen (choice C) and warm temperatures (choice D) can enhance growth for some microorganisms, they are not universally required for all microorganisms to grow.

What is the primary function of platelets?

  • A. Producing hormones
  • B. Transporting oxygen and carbon dioxide
  • C. Clotting and sealing damaged blood vessels
  • D. Protecting the body from foreign substances
Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Platelets primarily function in clotting and sealing damaged blood vessels. Firstly, when a blood vessel is injured, platelets rush to the site to form a plug, preventing excessive bleeding. Secondly, platelets release clotting factors to initiate the coagulation cascade, leading to the formation of a stable blood clot. This process is crucial for wound healing and preventing blood loss. Platelets do not produce hormones (choice A), transport gases (choice B), or protect the body from foreign substances (choice D). These functions are carried out by other components of the body's systems.

Which of the following is the best dietary advice to maximize the immune function in healthy people?

  • A. To include immune-enhancing formulas.
  • B. To avoid polyunsaturated fatty acids.
  • C. To increase intake of essential fatty acids and omega-3 fatty acids.
  • D. To follow a balanced and varied diet.
Correct Answer: D

Rationale: A balanced and varied diet ensures the intake of all necessary nutrients that support optimal immune function.

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