Nokea
The current Influenza vaccine includes
- A. 3 type A strains
- B. A combination of one H1N1, one H5N1 and a B strain
- C. Only 2009 H1N1
- D. Only the most common seasonal H1N1 strain
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Step 1: The current Influenza vaccine is designed to provide protection against multiple strains to increase effectiveness.
Step 2: Option B includes a combination of different strains (H1N1, H5N1, and B), covering a broader spectrum of the virus.
Step 3: Including different strains helps to address potential mutations and variations in circulating viruses.
Step 4: Option B is the most comprehensive choice compared to others, offering a more robust protection against various strains.
Summary: Option A is too limited with only 3 type A strains, while option C focuses only on 2009 H1N1 strain. Option D is also limited to only the most common seasonal H1N1 strain. Option B stands out as the correct choice for its broad coverage of different strains.
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What is the primary function of platelets?
- A. Producing hormones
- B. Transporting oxygen and carbon dioxide
- C. Clotting and sealing damaged blood vessels
- D. Protecting the body from foreign substances
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Platelets primarily function in clotting and sealing damaged blood vessels. Firstly, when a blood vessel is injured, platelets rush to the site to form a plug, preventing excessive bleeding. Secondly, platelets release clotting factors to initiate the coagulation cascade, leading to the formation of a stable blood clot. This process is crucial for wound healing and preventing blood loss. Platelets do not produce hormones (choice A), transport gases (choice B), or protect the body from foreign substances (choice D). These functions are carried out by other components of the body's systems.
Before the patient receives a kidney transplant, a crossmatch test is ordered. What does a positive crossmatch indicate?
- A. Matches tissue types for a successful transplantation
- B. Determines paternity and predicts risk for certain diseases
- C. Establishes racial background and predicts risk for certain diseases
- D. Cytotoxic antibodies to the donor contraindicate transplanting this donor’s organ
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: A positive crossmatch indicates the presence of preformed cytotoxic antibodies against the donor, contraindicating transplantation.
Which of the following statements is incorrect about allergic reactions?
- A. They always require a sensitization step during which specific IgE are secreted
- B. Allergens causing hay fever are usually inhaled
- C. Food allergy can cause hives
- D. The current guidelines for preventing peanut allergy in infants is complete avoidance of peanuts and peanut-related products until at least six months of age
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because current guidelines actually recommend early introduction of peanuts to prevent peanut allergies, not complete avoidance. This is based on research showing early introduction can reduce the risk of developing peanut allergies. Choice A is correct as sensitization is a key step in allergic reactions. Choice B is correct as inhaled allergens can cause hay fever. Choice C is correct as food allergies can indeed manifest as hives.
Who introduced the concept of discrimination between self and non-self?
- A. Elie Metchnikoff
- B. Louis Pasteur
- C. Paul Ehrlich
- D. Charles Janeway
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Paul Ehrlich introduced the concept of discrimination between self and non-self through his "horror autotoxicus" theory. He proposed that the immune system can differentiate between harmful non-self antigens and self-antigens. Ehrlich's theory laid the foundation for understanding immune responses and the development of immunology. Metchnikoff focused on phagocytosis, Pasteur on microbiology, and Janeway on innate immunity, not specifically on self vs. non-self discrimination.
How does an antigen stimulate an immune response?
- A. It is captured, processed, and presented to a lymphocyte by a macrophage.
- B. It circulates in the blood, where it comes in contact with circulating lymphocytes.
- C. It is a foreign protein that has antigenic determinants different from those of the body.
- D. It combines with larger molecules that are capable of stimulating production of antibodies.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Antigens are captured, processed, and presented to lymphocytes by antigen-presenting cells like macrophages, initiating an immune response.