Nokea
Which of the following is NOT an outcome of complement activation:
- A. Increased recruitment of inflammatory cells
- B. Opsonization of pathogens
- C. Lysis of pathogens
- D. Increased migration of dendritic cells from tissues to lymph nodes
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Increased migration of dendritic cells from tissues to lymph nodes. Complement activation does not directly lead to the migration of dendritic cells. Complement activation can lead to increased recruitment of inflammatory cells (A), opsonization of pathogens (B), and lysis of pathogens (C). Dendritic cells typically migrate to lymph nodes to present antigens to T cells, but this process is not directly mediated by complement activation.
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Adding adjuvants in Flu vaccines, such as AS03 used in Canada in the 2009 H1N1 vaccine is thought to
- A. Induce danger signals
- B. Generally boost the innate immune response
- C. Create a slower release of antigen (antigen depot)
- D. All of the above is correct
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Step 1: Adjuvants like AS03 induce danger signals by activating innate immunity, enhancing the response to the vaccine.
Step 2: Adjuvants generally boost the innate immune response by increasing antigen presentation and cytokine production.
Step 3: Adjuvants create a slower release of antigen, forming an antigen depot which prolongs immune stimulation.
Summary: Choice D is correct because adjuvants like AS03 do induce danger signals, boost the innate immune response, and create a slower release of antigen, leading to enhanced vaccine efficacy. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect as they do not encompass all the effects of adjuvants in flu vaccines.
The nurse is instructing a patient with rheumatoid arthritis about a prescribed exercise program. Which information should the nurse include?
- A. Perform exercises every day, 3 to 10 times for every joint.
- B. Perform exercises even if inflammation is present.
- C. Perform exercises past the point of pain.
- D. Perform twice the number of exercises the next day if one day is missed.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A because a consistent exercise routine is important for managing rheumatoid arthritis. Performing exercises every day helps improve joint mobility and strength without causing excessive strain. Option B is incorrect as exercising during inflammation can worsen symptoms. Option C is incorrect as exercising past the point of pain can lead to injury. Option D is incorrect as overcompensating the following day can also lead to injury and disrupt the exercise program's consistency.
Which patient is at the greatest risk for developing pressure ulcers?
- A. A 42-year-old obese woman with type 2 diabetes
- B. A 78-year-old man who is confused and malnourished
- C. A 30-year-old man who is comatose following a head injury
- D. A 65-year-old woman who has urge and stress incontinence
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Comatose patients are at significant risk for pressure ulcers due to prolonged immobility, impaired sensation, and compromised circulation.
A couple lost a second baby to miscarriage. They are both considering having genetic testing done before trying to get pregnant again. What should the nurse include when teaching about genetic testing?
- A. A particular genetic test will tell them if there is a specific genetic change.
- B. The test results will identify the diseases their children will inherit from them.
- C. Genetic testing will determine if they are predisposed to developing a genetic disease.
- D. Genetic testing kits that are available on the Internet are just as good and less costly than going to a genetic counselor.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Genetic testing can identify specific genetic changes responsible for miscarriages but cannot predict all diseases or replace professional counseling.
What is the primary function of platelets?
- A. Producing hormones
- B. Transporting oxygen and carbon dioxide
- C. Clotting and sealing damaged blood vessels
- D. Protecting the body from foreign substances
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Platelets primarily function in clotting and sealing damaged blood vessels. Firstly, when a blood vessel is injured, platelets rush to the site to form a plug, preventing excessive bleeding. Secondly, platelets release clotting factors to initiate the coagulation cascade, leading to the formation of a stable blood clot. This process is crucial for wound healing and preventing blood loss. Platelets do not produce hormones (choice A), transport gases (choice B), or protect the body from foreign substances (choice D). These functions are carried out by other components of the body's systems.