Nokea
The patient had a fracture. At 3 weeks to 6 months there is clinical union, and this is the first stage of healing that is sufficient to prevent movement of the fracture site when the bones are gently stressed. How is this stage of fracture healing documented?
- A. Ossification
- B. Remodeling
- C. Consolidation
- D. Callus formation
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Consolidation refers to the stage where the fracture is stable enough to prevent movement when gently stressed.
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Nurse Williams is conducting a seminar on dementia for the staff at the senior care facility. She emphasizes the importance of understanding the most prevalent causes of dementia in the elderly population. Which condition does Nurse Williams identify as the most common cause of dementia among elderly individuals?
- A. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
- B. Alzheimer's disease
- C. Multiple sclerosis
- D. Parkinson's disease
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Alzheimer's disease is the most common cause of dementia in the elderly, characterized by progressive memory loss and cognitive decline.
An increase in PaCO2 leads to:
- A. hypertension
- B. increased adrenaline release
- C. increased sweating
- D. all above
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Increased PaCO2 (hypercapnia) causes hypertension, adrenaline release, and sweating due to activation of the sympathetic nervous system. These responses aim to restore normal CO2 levels.
The two parts of the nervous system are the:
- A. Motor and sensory.
- B. Central and peripheral.
- C. Peripheral and autonomic.
- D. Hypothalamus and cerebral.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Central and peripheral. The nervous system consists of the central nervous system (CNS), which includes the brain and spinal cord, and the peripheral nervous system (PNS), which includes all nerves outside the CNS. This division is essential for understanding the organization and functions of the nervous system. Choice A is incorrect because motor and sensory are functions, not divisions of the nervous system. Choice C is incorrect because the autonomic nervous system is a component of the PNS, not a separate part. Choice D is incorrect because the hypothalamus and cerebral are specific structures within the CNS, not the divisions of the nervous system.
Which technique does the nurse use to test the triceps reflex?
- A. Holds the knee in a slightly flexed position while he or she strokes the end of the foot with a dull object
- B. Hold the patient's relaxed forearm with the hand slightly pronated while striking the appropriate tendon with a reflex hammer
- C. Holds the patient's constricted arm with elbow flexed at a 90 degree angle, places a thumb over the elbow, and strikes the appropriate tendon
- D. Holds the patient's relaxed arm with elbow flexed at a 90 degree angle in one hand and strikes the appropriate tendon just above the elbow with either end of the reflex hammer
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: To test the triceps reflex, the nurse holds the patient's relaxed arm with the elbow flexed at a 90-degree angle and strikes the triceps tendon just above the elbow with a reflex hammer. This assesses the C7-C8 nerve roots.
The brain and spinal cord are the organs of the ________ .
- A. CNS
- B. PNS
- C. ANS
- D. CSF
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The brain and spinal cord are the primary organs of the central nervous system (CNS). The CNS is responsible for processing and integrating information received from the peripheral nervous system (PNS). The autonomic nervous system (ANS) is a division of the PNS, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is a protective fluid surrounding the CNS. Therefore, CNS is the correct answer as it directly refers to the brain and spinal cord.