Nokea
The patient is transferring from another facility with the description of a sore on her sacrum that is deep enough to see the muscle. What stage of pressure ulcer does the nurse expect to see on admission?
- A. Stage I
- B. Stage II
- C. Stage III
- D. Stage IV
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Stage IV pressure ulcers involve full-thickness tissue loss, exposing muscle, tendon, or bone.
You may also like to solve these questions
A site of intense B cell proliferation in the lymph node is
- A. Germinal center
- B. Paracortex
- C. Medulla
- D. Infected tissue
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Germinal center. Germinal centers are specialized regions within lymph nodes where B cells undergo intense proliferation, somatic hypermutation, and class switching to generate high-affinity antibodies. This process is crucial for the adaptive immune response. Paracortex (B) contains T cells, not B cells. Medulla (C) is mainly involved in filtering lymph. Infected tissue (D) is not a specific site for B cell proliferation.
Which of the following correctly explains an epitope?
- A. Region of antibody that binds with antigen
- B. Region of antigen that elicit secretion of specific antibody
- C. Heavy chain of an antibody
- D. V-region of the light chain of antibody
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Explanation:
An epitope is a specific region on an antigen that elicits the immune response and triggers the production of a specific antibody. Therefore, choice B is correct as it accurately defines an epitope. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because they do not accurately describe what an epitope is. Choice A refers to the paratope, the region of the antibody that binds to the epitope. Choice C refers to a component of the antibody structure, and choice D refers to a specific region of the antibody structure.
What is the role of innate immunity in relation to adaptive immunity?
- A. It suppresses adaptive immunity
- B. It instructs and activates adaptive immunity
- C. It replaces adaptive immunity during infections
- D. It functions independently of adaptive immunity
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B because innate immunity instructs and activates adaptive immunity. Innate immunity serves as the first line of defense against pathogens, recognizing and initiating a response to pathogens. It then communicates with adaptive immunity, providing signals and antigens to activate and guide the adaptive immune response. This collaboration is crucial for the effective elimination of pathogens. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because innate immunity does not suppress, replace, or function independently of adaptive immunity; rather, they work together in a coordinated manner to provide a comprehensive immune response.
Which of the following statements is false about dendritic cells
- A. Found in tissues
- B. Are sessile cells only found in lymph nodes
- C. Express high levels of MHC molecules
- D. Best at activating naïve T cells
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B because dendritic cells are not only found in lymph nodes but also in tissues. These cells are antigen-presenting cells that capture and present antigens to T cells. A, C, and D are true statements about dendritic cells: A) They are found in tissues, C) They express high levels of MHC molecules for antigen presentation, and D) They are best at activating naive T cells due to their ability to prime adaptive immune responses.
Which type of hypersensitivity reaction occurs with rheumatoid arthritis and acute glomerulonephritis?
- A. Type I or IgE-mediated hypersensitivity reaction
- B. Type II or cytotoxic hypersensitivity reaction
- C. Type III or immune-complex mediated hypersensitivity reaction
- D. Type IV or delayed hypersensitivity reaction
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Type III hypersensitivity involves immune complexes depositing in tissues, leading to inflammation, as seen in rheumatoid arthritis and acute glomerulonephritis.