Nokea
Which of the following statements is NOT true?
- A. Plague or Black Death is the disease that devastated Europe in Medieval times (1350-1400) with about 50% of the European population having been wiped out.
- B. There are reports of Black Death dating as early as 1000 B.C. making plague probably the most ancient disease and the first recorded
- C. Plague is still endemic in some countries
- D. Plague can be cured with antibiotics
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B because there are no reports of the Black Death dating back to 1000 B.C. The Black Death specifically refers to the pandemic outbreak of the bubonic plague in the 14th century. The first recorded pandemic of the Black Death occurred in the 14th century, not in 1000 B.C. The other choices are incorrect because A is true as the Black Death did devastate Europe in the 14th century, C is true as plague is still present in some countries, and D is true as plague can be treated with antibiotics if caught early.
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Which part of an antibody determines its antigen specificity?
- A. Fc fragment
- B. Fab region
- C. Heavy chain constant region
- D. Light chain constant region
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Fab region. The Fab region of an antibody contains the antigen-binding site, where specific interactions with antigens occur. This region is formed by the variable regions of both the heavy and light chains. The Fc fragment (choice A) is responsible for effector functions, not antigen specificity. The heavy chain constant region (choice C) and light chain constant region (choice D) are not involved in antigen binding, but rather provide structural support and determine the antibody class. Therefore, the Fab region is crucial for antigen specificity due to its variable regions that directly interact with antigens.
Choose the correct sequence in an allergic reaction.
- A. Allergen → mast cells → histamine → B cells → IgE antibodies
- B. Allergen → IgE antibodies → B cells → histamine → mast cells
- C. Allergen → B cells → IgE antibodies → mast cells → histamine
- D. Allergen → histamine → mast cells → IgE antibodies → B cells
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Rationale for Answer C:
1. Allergen exposure triggers B cells to produce IgE antibodies specific to the allergen.
2. IgE antibodies bind to mast cells sensitizing them.
3. Upon re-exposure to allergen, allergen binds to IgE on mast cells.
4. This triggers release of histamine and other chemicals causing allergic symptoms.
Summary:
- Choice A: Incorrect because B cells do not produce IgE antibodies before allergen exposure.
- Choice B: Incorrect because IgE antibodies are produced by B cells, not the other way around.
- Choice D: Incorrect because histamine is released after allergen binds to IgE on sensitized mast cells.
When the patient asks about the late effects of chemotherapy and high-dose radiation, what areas of teaching should the nurse plan to include when describing these effects?
- A. Third space syndrome
- B. Secondary malignancies
- C. Chronic nausea and vomiting
- D. Persistent myelosuppression
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Late effects of chemotherapy and radiation include secondary malignancies due to long-term cellular damage.
Where do T cells mature?
- A. Bone marrow
- B. Thymus
- C. Spleen
- D. Lymph nodes
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Thymus. T cells mature in the thymus, where they undergo selection and maturation processes essential for their function in the immune system. The thymus provides a specialized environment for T cell development, including positive and negative selection to ensure self-tolerance and functional T cell repertoire.
A: Bone marrow is incorrect because it is the site of B cell maturation, not T cells.
C: Spleen is incorrect as it acts as a secondary lymphoid organ for immune response but not the site of T cell maturation.
D: Lymph nodes are incorrect as they are important for immune surveillance and activation but not the primary site for T cell maturation.
Which of the following are not typically found within secondary lymphoid tissues?
- A. naïve lymphocytes
- B. Hematopoietic stem cells
- C. Dendritic cells
- D. Antigen
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Correct Answer: B - Hematopoietic stem cells are not typically found within secondary lymphoid tissues because they are located in the bone marrow where they give rise to various blood cells. In contrast, secondary lymphoid tissues like lymph nodes and spleen primarily consist of mature immune cells and support immune responses. Naïve lymphocytes (A), dendritic cells (C), and antigens (D) are commonly found in secondary lymphoid tissues as they play crucial roles in the immune response.