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The patient with chronic kidney disease is considering whether to use peritoneal dialysis (PD) or hemodialysis (HD). What are advantages of PD when compared to HD (select all that apply)?
- A. Less protein loss
- B. Rapid fluid removal
- C. Less cardiovascular stress
- D. Decreased hyperlipidemia
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Less protein loss. Peritoneal dialysis (PD) occurs continuously, allowing for a slower and gentler removal of waste products, leading to less protein loss compared to the intermittent nature of hemodialysis (HD). This is because PD uses the peritoneal membrane as a filter, which is more gentle on proteins.
Rapid fluid removal (B) is actually an advantage of HD, as it can quickly remove excess fluids. Less cardiovascular stress (C) is not a specific advantage of PD over HD, as both types of dialysis can impact cardiovascular health. Decreased hyperlipidemia (D) is not a direct advantage of PD over HD.
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Which macrolide antibiotic that can be given once a day for 3 days for * empirical treatment of ENT, respiratory and genital infections?
- A. Erythromycin
- B. Azithromycin
- C. Clarithromycin
- D. Roxithromycin
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Azithromycin. It has a long half-life allowing for once-daily dosing for 3 days. Azithromycin is effective against common ENT, respiratory, and genital infections.
Rationale:
A: Erythromycin requires more frequent dosing due to shorter half-life.
C: Clarithromycin is not typically given once a day for 3 days.
D: Roxithromycin is less commonly used for these infections and has a shorter half-life.
What is the drug of choice for ringworm infection?:
- A. Griseofulvin
- B. Amphotericin B
- C. Nystatin
- D. Neomycin
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Griseofulvin. Griseofulvin is the drug of choice for ringworm infection because it specifically targets the fungus that causes ringworm. It works by inhibiting fungal cell division, leading to the destruction of the fungus. Amphotericin B is an antifungal medication used for systemic fungal infections, not for ringworm. Nystatin is used to treat fungal infections of the skin, mouth, and intestines, but it is not the first-line treatment for ringworm. Neomycin is an antibiotic used to treat bacterial infections, not fungal infections like ringworm. Therefore, Griseofulvin is the most appropriate choice for treating ringworm.
A patient who has recently undergone ESWL for the manage her new ileal conduit in the home setting. To treatment of renal calculi has phoned the urology prevent leakage or skin breakdown, the nurse should
- A. Remind the patient that renal calculi have a encourage which of the following practices?
- B. Empty the collection bag when it is between on
- C. half
- D. and two-thirds full.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B. Emptying the collection bag when it is between half and two-thirds full helps prevent leakage and skin breakdown by maintaining proper drainage and preventing overfilling. This practice also reduces the risk of urinary stasis and infection.
Choice A is incorrect because it is not related to the management of an ileal conduit. Choice C is incorrect as it does not address the specific issue of proper bag emptying to prevent leakage. Choice D is incorrect as waiting until the bag is too full can lead to increased pressure, potential leakage, and skin breakdown.
The inability of the kidneys to excrete adequately to maintain homeostasis is:
- A. glomerulonephritis.
- B. polycystic kidney diseas
- D. renal failur
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: renal failure. Renal failure refers to the kidneys' inability to adequately excrete waste products and maintain electrolyte balance, leading to disruption of homeostasis. Glomerulonephritis (A) is inflammation of the glomeruli, not necessarily resulting in inadequate excretion. Polycystic kidney disease (B) is a genetic disorder causing cysts in the kidneys, but it doesn't directly relate to excretory function. Choice C is incomplete.
Which test is required for a diagnosis of pyelonephritis?
- A. Renal biopsy
- B. Blood culture
- C. Intravenous pyelogram (IVP)
- D. Urine for culture and sensitivity
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D, Urine for culture and sensitivity. This test is required for a diagnosis of pyelonephritis as it helps identify the specific bacteria causing the infection and determines the most effective antibiotic treatment. Renal biopsy (A) is not typically required for diagnosing pyelonephritis. Blood culture (B) may be helpful in severe cases but is not specific for pyelonephritis. Intravenous pyelogram (IVP) (C) is a radiological test used to visualize the urinary tract but does not confirm the diagnosis of pyelonephritis.