Nokea
The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) is essential in regulating blood pressure. Which of the following hormones involved in RAAS is produced by the kidney?
- A. Renin
- B. Angiotensin I
- C. Angiotensin II
- D. Aldosterone
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Rationale: Renin is produced and released by the kidney in response to low blood pressure or low sodium levels. Renin initiates the RAAS cascade by converting angiotensinogen to angiotensin I. Angiotensin I is then converted to angiotensin II, leading to vasoconstriction and aldosterone release. Aldosterone, produced by the adrenal glands, promotes sodium and water retention. Therefore, choice A is correct as renin is the hormone produced by the kidney to regulate blood pressure. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect as they are downstream products of the RAAS cascade and are not directly produced by the kidney.
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A patient has experienced excessive losses of the kidneys
- A. The left kidneys connection to the common bile duct
- B. How will this lost bicarbonate be replaced?
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B because excessive losses of the kidneys can lead to metabolic acidosis due to bicarbonate loss. Bicarbonate is essential for maintaining acid-base balance in the body. Replacement of lost bicarbonate is crucial to prevent acidosis. Choice A is incorrect as the kidneys are not connected to the common bile duct. Choices C and D are not applicable to the scenario provided.
The nurse has implemented a bladder retraining
- A. Risk for deficient fluid volume related to urinary program for an older adult patient. The nurse places the diversion patient on a timed voiding schedule and performs an
- B. Risk for autonomic dysreflexia related to disruption of ultrasonic bladder scan after each voi
- C. The nurse notes the sacral plexus that the patient typically has approximately 50 mL of urine remaining in her bladder after voiding. What would
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A because bladder retraining aims to improve urinary control and prevent incontinence in older adults. Implementing a timed voiding schedule helps the patient regain control over their bladder function and reduces the risk of urinary issues. Option B is incorrect as autonomic dysreflexia is not typically associated with bladder retraining. Option C is incorrect as it describes a normal bladder residual volume, which does not directly relate to bladder retraining. Option D is incomplete.
The following tetracycline has the potential to cause vestibular toxicity:
- A. Doxycycline
- B. Oxytetracycline
- C. Minocycline
- D. Demeclocycline
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Step-by-step rationale:
1. Minocycline is known to cause vestibular toxicity due to its lipophilicity and ability to accumulate in inner ear structures.
2. Vestibular toxicity can manifest as dizziness, vertigo, and imbalance.
3. Doxycycline, oxytetracycline, and demeclocycline are less likely to cause vestibular toxicity.
4. Doxycycline is commonly used and well-tolerated, oxytetracycline has a different side effect profile, and demeclocycline is primarily associated with nephrotoxicity.
Summary:
Choice C (Minocycline) is correct due to its propensity for causing vestibular toxicity. Choices A, B, and D are incorrect as they are less likely to cause this specific adverse effect.
Which laboratory result is of most concern for a patient with cystitis?
- A. Serum WBC 9000/mm?
- B. Urinalysis with 1-2 WBCs present
- C. Urine bacteria 100,000 colonies/mL
- D. Serum hematocrit 36%
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C because a urine bacteria count of 100,000 colonies/mL indicates a significant bacterial infection, which is concerning for cystitis. This result suggests an active infection in the urinary tract, requiring prompt treatment.
A: Serum WBC of 9000/mm³ is within the normal range and may not necessarily indicate an active infection.
B: Urinalysis with 1-2 WBCs present is also within the normal range and may not be indicative of an acute infection.
D: Serum hematocrit of 36% is a measure of the proportion of red blood cells in the blood and is not directly related to cystitis.
The patient with chronic kidney disease is considering whether to use peritoneal dialysis (PD) or hemodialysis (HD). What are advantages of PD when compared to HD (select all that apply)?
- A. Less protein loss
- B. Rapid fluid removal
- C. Less cardiovascular stress
- D. Decreased hyperlipidemia
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Less protein loss. Peritoneal dialysis (PD) occurs continuously, allowing for a slower and gentler removal of waste products, leading to less protein loss compared to the intermittent nature of hemodialysis (HD). This is because PD uses the peritoneal membrane as a filter, which is more gentle on proteins.
Rapid fluid removal (B) is actually an advantage of HD, as it can quickly remove excess fluids. Less cardiovascular stress (C) is not a specific advantage of PD over HD, as both types of dialysis can impact cardiovascular health. Decreased hyperlipidemia (D) is not a direct advantage of PD over HD.