Nokea
The pharyngeal phase of swallowing:
- A. Is partially voluntary
- B. Includes opening of the upper oesophageal sphincter
- C. Includes the peristaltic activity of the upper third of the oesophagus
- D. Is associated with the opening of the glottis
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C because the pharyngeal phase of swallowing involves the peristaltic activity of the upper third of the esophagus, pushing the food bolus towards the stomach. This phase is involuntary and is controlled by the swallowing reflex. Choices A, B, and D are incorrect because the pharyngeal phase is entirely involuntary, the upper esophageal sphincter opens during the esophageal phase, and the opening of the glottis is associated with protection of the airway during swallowing, not the pharyngeal phase.
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The stomach is unique to the GI tract because it contains
- A. circular smooth muscle.
- B. longitudinal smooth muscle.
- C. skeletal muscle.
- D. oblique smooth muscle.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: oblique smooth muscle. The stomach is unique in the GI tract because it contains an additional layer of muscle fibers called the oblique muscle layer. This layer allows for more efficient mixing and churning of food, aiding in digestion. Circular smooth muscle (choice A) and longitudinal smooth muscle (choice B) are present in various parts of the GI tract but are not unique to the stomach. Skeletal muscle (choice C) is not found in the stomach as the muscles responsible for its movement are smooth muscle.
The colonic mucosal cells are very efficient in:
- A. Converting primary bile acids into secondary bile acids
- B. Converting bilirubin into stercobilinogen
- C. Absorption of aromatic amino acids
- D. Absorption of sodium
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Absorption of sodium. Colonic mucosal cells are efficient in absorbing sodium through active transport processes. Sodium absorption helps in maintaining fluid and electrolyte balance. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect because primary bile acids are converted into secondary bile acids in the liver, bilirubin is converted into stercobilinogen in the intestines, and aromatic amino acids are mostly absorbed in the small intestine, not the colon.
What is the primary function of the small intestine in the digestive system?
- A. Absorption of nutrients
- B. Mechanical digestion of food
- C. Production of digestive enzymes
- D. Storage of bile
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The primary function of the small intestine is the absorption of nutrients. Step 1: Digestive enzymes break down food in the small intestine. Step 2: Villi and microvilli in the intestine absorb nutrients like glucose and amino acids. Step 3: Nutrients are then transported to the bloodstream for distribution to cells. Thus, choice A is correct. Choices B and C are incorrect because mechanical digestion primarily occurs in the stomach, and digestive enzymes are produced by other organs like the pancreas. Choice D is incorrect as the small intestine does not store bile; it is produced by the liver and stored in the gallbladder.
A nurse on the day shift is preparing to change a client's total parenteral nutrition (TPN) solution, but the new TPN solution has not arrived from the pharmacy. The client receives additional IV fat emulsion during the night shift. Which of the following actions should the nurse take?
- A. Hang dextrose 10% in water (D10W) until the TPN solution is delivered.
- B. Saline lock the IV catheter after discontinuing the TPN solution.
- C. Hang the IV fat emulsion solution.
- D. Call the provider for new TPN orders.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Hang dextrose 10% in water (D10W) until the TPN solution is delivered. This is the correct action because the client is dependent on TPN for nutrition and cannot go without it. D10W provides a source of glucose to prevent hypoglycemia until the TPN solution arrives. It is important to maintain the client's glucose levels to prevent complications.
Choice B is incorrect because saline locking the IV catheter would not address the client's nutritional needs.
Choice C is incorrect because hanging the IV fat emulsion solution alone would not provide the necessary nutrients that the client needs from the TPN solution.
Choice D is incorrect because calling the provider for new TPN orders would delay the client from receiving essential nutrition. Hanging D10W is the most appropriate action to ensure the client's safety and well-being while waiting for the TPN solution to arrive.
Which organ has the most metabolically active cells?
- A. pancreas
- B. liver
- C. stomach
- D. small intestine
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: liver. The liver has the most metabolically active cells due to its crucial role in various metabolic processes, such as detoxification, protein synthesis, and glucose metabolism. It is responsible for producing enzymes and metabolizing nutrients. The pancreas, stomach, and small intestine are important organs, but they are not as metabolically active as the liver. The pancreas primarily produces digestive enzymes and regulates blood sugar levels. The stomach digests food, and the small intestine absorbs nutrients. However, in terms of overall metabolic activity, the liver surpasses these organs.