Nokea
The placenta does which of the following?
- A. Develops from the granulosa cells
- B. Secretes luteinizing hormone
- C. Secretes estrogen
- D. Allows direct mixing of maternal and fetal blood
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: The placenta secretes estrogen. The placenta is an endocrine organ that produces hormones, including estrogen, which plays a crucial role in maintaining pregnancy. Estrogen helps in regulating the menstrual cycle, promoting fetal growth, and preparing the body for childbirth. Choices A and B are incorrect because the placenta does not develop from granulosa cells and does not secrete luteinizing hormone. Choice D is incorrect because the placenta does not allow direct mixing of maternal and fetal blood; instead, it facilitates the exchange of nutrients and waste products between the mother and the fetus through a barrier called the placental barrier.
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Bones that are fused across the joint space by surgery is termed as
- A. Ankylosis
- B. Arthrodesis
- C. Arthroplasty
- D. Arthroscopy
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Arthrodesis. Arthrodesis refers to the surgical fusion of bones across a joint space. This procedure aims to stabilize a joint by creating a bony union. Ankylosis (A) is the natural fusion of bones due to disease or injury. Arthroplasty (C) involves replacing a damaged joint with an artificial prosthesis. Arthroscopy (D) is a minimally invasive procedure to visualize and treat joint problems without open surgery. In this context, only arthrodesis specifically involves fusing bones across a joint space.
Which hormone initiates the changes in puberty?
- A. FSH
- B. ICSH
- C. testosterone
- D. GnRH
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: GnRH. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) is released from the hypothalamus, stimulating the pituitary gland to produce FSH and LH, which then trigger the changes of puberty. FSH and LH are not the initial hormones that start puberty, but rather the result of GnRH stimulation. Testosterone and ICSH are also involved in puberty but are not the primary hormone that initiates the process.
Where does implantation of the blastocyst occur?
- A. uterine tubes
- B. endometrium
- C. cervix
- D. ovary
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: endometrium. After fertilization, the blastocyst travels through the uterine tubes and implants into the endometrium for further development. The endometrium is the inner lining of the uterus where implantation occurs to establish pregnancy. The uterine tubes (choice A) are the site of fertilization, but not implantation. The cervix (choice C) is the lower part of the uterus that connects to the vagina and does not play a role in implantation. The ovary (choice D) is where the egg is released during ovulation and not the site of implantation.
Which of the following statements relating to the corpus luteum is incorrect.
- A. the corpus luteum contains the zona pellucida
- B. the corpus luteum degrades if fertilization does not take place
- C. the corpus luteum is derived from the Latin word meaning yellow body.
- D. the corpus luteum develops from the remaining follicle after ovulation
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A because the corpus luteum does not contain the zona pellucida. The zona pellucida is a glycoprotein layer surrounding the oocyte, not the corpus luteum. The other choices are incorrect because B is true - the corpus luteum degrades if fertilization does not occur; C is true - corpus luteum derives from Latin for yellow body; and D is true - the corpus luteum develops from the remaining follicle after ovulation.
A 50-year-old patient asks the nurse about her risk of developing a cancer of the reproductive system. What is the appropriate response by the nurse?
- A. Human papilloma virus infection and cigarette smoking are major risk factors for cervical cancer.
- B. Some of the risk factors for endometrial cancer include being age 40 or older and having a history of infertility.
- C. Ovarian cancer is not often seen in women under age 50 or those who have a family history of breast cancer.
- D. Women who have had menstrual irregularities for many years are at lower risk of developing any of the reproductive system cancers.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Step 1: Human papilloma virus (HPV) infection and cigarette smoking are major risk factors for cervical cancer.
Step 2: The patient is 50 years old, which puts her at risk for cervical cancer.
Step 3: HPV infection and smoking increase the risk of cervical cancer.
Step 4: Therefore, the appropriate response by the nurse is A.
Summary:
B: Endometrial cancer risk factors include obesity, not age 40, and infertility is not a primary risk factor.
C: Ovarian cancer can occur in women under 50 and family history of breast cancer is not a definitive protective factor.
D: Menstrual irregularities do not necessarily lower the risk of reproductive system cancers.