Nokea
The presence of Parkinsonism suggests damage to the following:
- A. caudate nucleus
- B. black substance
- C. cerebellar
- D. frontal lobe
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Black substance (substantia nigra) is the correct answer because Parkinsonism is characterized by the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra. This leads to the classic symptoms of tremor, bradykinesia, and rigidity due to the loss of dopamine in the basal ganglia, which regulates movement.
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Which amino acids are needed in higher amounts in patients with pressure ulcers?
- A. lysine and tyrosine
- B. tyrosine and valine
- C. arginine and glutamine
- D. valine and cysteine
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Arginine and glutamine are essential amino acids that play a critical role in wound healing. Arginine promotes collagen synthesis and immune function, while glutamine supports cell proliferation and tissue repair, making them vital for patients with pressure ulcers.
The diagnostic manual used by clinicians called DSM-IV-TR identifies two broader diagnostic syndromes into which many neurological disorders fall. Dementia is one which is characterised by which of the following:
- A. The impairment of basic cognitive functions.
- B. The impairment of physical abilities.
- C. The impairment of memory.
- D. All of the above.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Dementia is a neurological syndrome characterized by the progressive decline of cognitive functions, including memory, reasoning, and the ability to perform daily activities. It is often accompanied by changes in mood, behavior, and personality. Dementia can result from various causes, such as Alzheimer's disease, vascular dementia, or traumatic brain injury, and it significantly impacts an individual's quality of life and independence.
To assess a patient's sensory function, the nurse should:
- A. Test light touch, pain, and temperature sensation in various areas of the body.
- B. Measure the patient's heart rate.
- C. Inspect the patient's skin for lesions.
- D. Check the patient's blood glucose levels.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Sensory function is assessed by testing light touch, pain, and temperature sensation. Heart rate, skin lesions, and blood glucose levels are unrelated to sensory testing.
The nurse and a licensed practical nurse (LPN) are caring for a group of clients. Which nursing task should not be assigned to the LPN?
- A. Administer a skeletal muscle relaxant to a client diagnosed with low back pain.
- B. Discuss bowel regimen medications with the HCP for the client on strict bed rest.
- C. Draw morning blood work on the client diagnosed with bacterial meningitis.
- D. Teach self-catheterization to the client diagnosed with multiple sclerosis.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Teaching self-catheterization requires advanced assessment and teaching skills, which are typically outside the scope of practice for an LPN.
What is the primary difference between somatic system disorders and dissociative disorders?
- A. Somatic system disorders are under voluntary control, whereas dissociative disorders are unconscious and automatic.
- B. Dissociative disorders are precipitated by psychological factors, whereas somatic system disorders are related to stress.
- C. Dissociative disorders are individually determined and related to childhood sexual abuse, whereas somatic system disorders are culture bound.
- D. Dissociative disorders entail stress-related disruptions of memory, consciousness, or identity, whereas somatic system disorders involve the expression of psychological stress through somatic symptoms.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Step 1: Define somatic system disorders (SSD) as physical symptoms caused by psychological distress.
Step 2: Define dissociative disorders as disruptions in memory, consciousness, or identity due to stress.
Step 3: Identify that the primary difference is how stress manifests: SSD through physical symptoms and dissociative disorders through disruptions in memory, consciousness, or identity.
Step 4: Choose D as the correct answer as it accurately distinguishes between the two types of disorders.
Summary:
A: Incorrect, as it inaccurately describes the nature of somatic system and dissociative disorders.
B: Incorrect, as it oversimplifies the triggers for each type of disorder.
C: Incorrect, as it generalizes the causes of dissociative disorders and somatic system disorders.