Nokea
The presenting diameters in face presentation are
- A. Submentovertival, bitemporal
- B. Submentobregmatic, bitemporal
- C. Submentobregmatic, biparietal
- D. Mentovertical, bitemporal
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Submentovertival, bitemporal. In a face presentation, the presenting diameters are submentovertival (chin to vertex) and bitemporal (temple to temple). This is because the fetus is in a face-first position with the chin presenting first. Option B is incorrect because submentobregmatic is not a recognized presenting diameter in face presentation. Option C is incorrect as biparietal refers to the widest transverse diameter of the fetal head, not relevant in face presentation. Option D is incorrect as mentovertical is not a valid presenting diameter in face presentation.
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The commonest causative organism of pyelonephritis is
- A. Streptococcus faecalis
- B. Proteus vulgaris
- C. Staphylococcus pyogene
- D. Escherichia coli
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Escherichia coli. E. coli is the most common causative organism of pyelonephritis due to its prevalence in the gastrointestinal tract. It has specific virulence factors that enable it to ascend the urinary tract and cause infection. Streptococcus faecalis, Proteus vulgaris, and Staphylococcus pyogene are less commonly associated with pyelonephritis compared to E. coli.
A correct statement about an acute small for gestational age neonate is
- A. Entire body is proportionately reduced for gestational age
- B. Head is disproportionately larger than the rest of the body
- C. The body is disproportionately larger than the baby’s head
- D. The neonate appears plumpy with a scaphoid shaped abdomen
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A because an acute small for gestational age neonate will have all body parts proportionately reduced in size compared to a normal gestational age baby. This is due to intrauterine growth restriction. Choice B is incorrect because the head is not disproportionately larger. Choice C is incorrect as it states the body is larger than the head, which is not the case in SGA babies. Choice D is incorrect as SGA babies typically appear thin with a scaphoid abdomen, not plumpy.
A non-pharmacological measure of pain relief in labour includes
- A. Entonox
- B. Cyclothane
- C. Homeopathy
- D. Diamorphine
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Homeopathy. Homeopathy involves using highly diluted substances to stimulate the body's natural healing processes. In labor, homeopathy can help manage pain and support relaxation. Entonox (A) and Diamorphine (D) are pharmacological measures, while Cyclothane (B) is not a recognized pain relief option in labor. Homeopathy aligns with non-pharmacological approaches, making it the most suitable choice for pain relief in labor.
The presenting diameter in brow presentation is
- A. Mentovertical
- B. Submentobregmatic
- C. Suboccipitofrontal
- D. Occipitalfrontal
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The presenting diameter in brow presentation is the suboccipitofrontal diameter. This is because in brow presentation, the fetal head is in a deflexed position, with the largest diameter being from the subocciput (back of the head) to the frontal bone (forehead). This allows the head to enter the pelvis in the transverse diameter.
A: Mentovertical - This refers to the chin to the top of the head, not the correct diameter for brow presentation.
B: Submentobregmatic - This refers to the chin to the bregma, not the correct diameter for brow presentation.
D: Occipitalfrontal - This refers to the back of the head to the forehead, not the correct diameter for brow presentation.
Wernicke’s encephalopathy and Mallory-Weiss syndrome are among the complications of
- A. Placenta praevia
- B. Hypertensive disorders
- C. Vitamin B deficiency
- D. Hyperemesis gravidarum
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Step-by-step rationale for why D is correct:
1. Hyperemesis gravidarum is severe nausea and vomiting during pregnancy.
2. Prolonged vomiting can lead to electrolyte imbalances and nutritional deficiencies.
3. Vitamin B deficiency, specifically thiamine, can result in Wernicke’s encephalopathy.
4. Mallory-Weiss syndrome can occur due to repeated retching and vomiting.
5. Therefore, hyperemesis gravidarum can lead to both Wernicke’s encephalopathy and Mallory-Weiss syndrome.
Summary:
A: Placenta praevia is related to abnormal placental placement, not vomiting.
B: Hypertensive disorders are associated with high blood pressure, not vomiting-related complications.
C: Vitamin B deficiency can lead to Wernicke’s encephalopathy but is not directly caused by hyperemesis gravidarum.