Nokea
The _____ prevents food from entering the small intestine.
- A. cardiac sphincter
- B. pyloric valve
- C. ileo-colic valve
- D. sphincter of Oddi
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: pyloric valve. The pyloric valve is located between the stomach and the small intestine, specifically at the junction of the stomach and the duodenum. Its main function is to regulate the flow of partially digested food from the stomach into the small intestine. This control is crucial to ensure that the small intestine receives food at a manageable rate for optimal digestion and absorption of nutrients. The cardiac sphincter (A) is located at the entrance of the stomach from the esophagus and prevents acid reflux. The ileo-colic valve (C) is located between the small and large intestines, controlling the flow of contents between them. The sphincter of Oddi (D) regulates the flow of bile and pancreatic juice into the small intestine.
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Most of the absorption of nutrients occurs in the _____.
- A. colon
- B. duodenum
- C. jejunum
- D. ileum
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: jejunum. The jejunum is the middle part of the small intestine where the majority of nutrient absorption takes place. Its large surface area, due to the presence of villi and microvilli, facilitates efficient absorption of nutrients. The duodenum (B) primarily aids in digestion, not absorption. The ileum (D) absorbs bile salts and vitamin B12, but most nutrient absorption occurs in the jejunum. The colon (A) primarily absorbs water and electrolytes, not nutrients. Therefore, the jejunum is the correct answer for the site of most nutrient absorption in the digestive system.
The home health nurse is caring for the patient with tuberculosis who is taking rifampin and isoniazid (INH). The nurse should carefully monitor the patient for which potential side effect?
- A. Gallstones
- B. Liver disorders
- C. Bleeding ulcers
- D. Esophagitis
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Liver disorders. Rifampin and isoniazid are known to potentially cause hepatotoxicity. The nurse should monitor for signs of liver dysfunction such as jaundice, dark urine, abdominal pain, and elevated liver enzymes. Gallstones (A) are not commonly associated with these medications. Bleeding ulcers (C) are not a common side effect of rifampin and isoniazid. Esophagitis (D) is more commonly associated with other medications like bisphosphonates.
A nurse is reviewing the provider's prescriptions for a client experiencing a paralytic ileus following an appendectomy. Which of the following actions should the nurse expect to take?
- A. Administer an antacid.
- B. Provide a bulk-forming agent.
- C. Insert nasogastric tube.
- D. Apply a truss.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Insert nasogastric tube. In a paralytic ileus, the intestines are unable to contract and move contents, leading to bowel obstruction. Inserting a nasogastric tube helps decompress the intestines by removing gas and fluid, relieving discomfort and preventing further complications. Administering an antacid (A) is not indicated for paralytic ileus. Providing a bulk-forming agent (B) may exacerbate the obstruction. Applying a truss (D) is used for hernias, not for paralytic ileus.
Glucose absorption from the small intestine is by:
- A. Simple passive diffusion.
- B. Sodium-glucose co-transport system.
- C. Osmosis.
- D. Primary active transport.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Sodium-glucose co-transport system. This system involves the active transport of glucose across the small intestine epithelial cells with the help of sodium ions. This mechanism allows for the absorption of glucose against its concentration gradient, ensuring efficient uptake. Other choices are incorrect because: A) Simple passive diffusion is not efficient for glucose absorption due to its hydrophilic nature. C) Osmosis is the movement of water molecules, not glucose. D) Primary active transport involves the direct use of energy to transport molecules, which is not the case for glucose absorption in the small intestine.
How should the nurse explain esomeprazole (Nexium) to a patient with recurring heartburn?
- A. It reduces gastroesophageal reflux by increasing the rate of gastric emptying.
- B. It neutralizes stomach acid and provides relief of symptoms in a few minutes.
- C. It coats and protects the lining of the stomach and esophagus from gastric acid.
- D. It treats gastroesophageal reflux disease by decreasing stomach acid production.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because esomeprazole (Nexium) is a proton pump inhibitor that works by decreasing stomach acid production, thereby treating gastroesophageal reflux disease. This explanation is important for the patient to understand the mechanism of action of the medication.
Choice A is incorrect because esomeprazole does not increase the rate of gastric emptying; instead, it reduces acid production. Choice B is incorrect because esomeprazole does not neutralize stomach acid immediately; it takes a few days to reach its full effect. Choice C is incorrect because esomeprazole does not coat and protect the stomach and esophagus; it works by reducing acid production.
In summary, the correct answer is D because it accurately describes how esomeprazole works to manage recurring heartburn by decreasing stomach acid production, which is essential for treating gastroesophageal reflux disease.