Nokea
Mechanical digestion begins in the:
- A. mouth
- B. stomach
- C. small intestine
- D. large intestine
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: mouth. Mechanical digestion begins in the mouth where food is chewed and mixed with saliva, breaking down into smaller pieces for easier swallowing and digestion. This process increases the surface area of food for enzymes to act upon. The stomach (B) primarily performs chemical digestion, the small intestine (C) is where most chemical digestion and absorption occur, and the large intestine (D) is mainly responsible for water absorption and formation of feces. Thus, the mouth is the correct choice for the beginning of mechanical digestion.
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Which of the following is an opening in the large bowel created by bringing a section of the large intestine out to the abdomen and fashioning a stoma?
- A. Continent ileostomy
- B. Colostomy
- C. Ileostomy
- D. Ileoanal reservoir
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Colostomy. A colostomy is an opening in the large bowel created by bringing a section of the large intestine out to the abdomen to form a stoma. This procedure is typically done to divert stool in cases of colorectal diseases or surgeries.
A: Continent ileostomy - This choice is incorrect because a continent ileostomy involves creating a pouch inside the body to collect waste, rather than bringing a section of the large intestine out to the abdomen.
C: Ileostomy - This choice is incorrect because an ileostomy involves bringing the end of the small intestine out to the abdomen to create a stoma, not a section of the large intestine.
D: Ileoanal reservoir - This choice is incorrect as it refers to a surgical procedure where the colon and rectum are removed, and a pouch is created from the small intestine to restore bowel function, not to create a stoma in the large bowel.
Which type of gastritis is most likely to occur in a college student who has an isolated drinking binge?
- A. Acute gastritis
- B. Chronic gastritis
- C. Helicobacter pylori gastritis
- D. Autoimmune metaplastic atrophic gastritis
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Acute gastritis. This type of gastritis is most likely to occur in a college student after an isolated drinking binge due to the irritation caused by excessive alcohol consumption on the stomach lining. The rapid onset of symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain align with acute gastritis. Chronic gastritis (B) develops over time with prolonged irritation, not from a one-time binge. Helicobacter pylori gastritis (C) is typically associated with a bacterial infection rather than alcohol consumption. Autoimmune metaplastic atrophic gastritis (D) is a chronic condition associated with autoimmune reactions, not acute alcohol-induced irritation as seen in this scenario.
Which of the following is an accessory organ of digestion?
- A. pancreas
- B. esophagus
- C. stomach
- D. small intestine
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: pancreas. The pancreas is an accessory organ of digestion because it produces digestive enzymes that help break down carbohydrates, fats, and proteins in the small intestine. It also secretes bicarbonate to neutralize stomach acid. The esophagus (B) is a part of the digestive tract but not an accessory organ. The stomach (C) and small intestine (D) are primary organs of digestion, not accessory organs.
A nurse is reviewing the provider's prescriptions for a client experiencing a paralytic ileus following an appendectomy. Which of the following actions should the nurse expect to take?
- A. Administer an antacid.
- B. Provide a bulk-forming agent.
- C. Insert nasogastric tube.
- D. Apply a truss.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Insert nasogastric tube. In a paralytic ileus, the intestines are unable to contract and move contents, leading to bowel obstruction. Inserting a nasogastric tube helps decompress the intestines by removing gas and fluid, relieving discomfort and preventing further complications. Administering an antacid (A) is not indicated for paralytic ileus. Providing a bulk-forming agent (B) may exacerbate the obstruction. Applying a truss (D) is used for hernias, not for paralytic ileus.
A client is assessed for surgery for herniation. Why is it important that the nurse ask if the client smokes?
- A. Smoking increases the risk for development of malnutrition and diabetes
- B. Smoking interferes with lymphatic and venous blood flow
- C. The required medications are contraindicated in the presence of nicotine
- D. Sneezing and coughing due to smoking may increase intra-abdominal pressure
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because smoking can lead to chronic coughing and sneezing, which may increase intra-abdominal pressure. This can be detrimental post-surgery, especially in herniation cases where increased pressure can strain the surgical site, leading to complications like wound dehiscence or hernia recurrence. Choices A and B are incorrect as they do not directly relate to the impact of smoking on intra-abdominal pressure. Choice C is also incorrect as it focuses on medication contraindications rather than the physiological effects of smoking on surgical outcomes.