Nokea
When obtaining a nursing history from the patient with colorectal cancer, the nurse should specifically ask the patient about
- A. dietary intake.
- B. sports involvement.
- C. environmental exposure to carcinogens.
- D. long-term use of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs).
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: dietary intake. This is crucial in colorectal cancer management as certain dietary factors can influence the risk of developing or exacerbating the condition. High intake of red and processed meats, low fiber intake, and obesity are known risk factors. Asking about dietary intake helps assess the patient's risk profile and allows for tailored interventions.
Explanation for other choices:
B: Sports involvement is not directly related to colorectal cancer risk factors.
C: Environmental exposure to carcinogens may be relevant in other types of cancer, but it is not a primary risk factor for colorectal cancer.
D: Long-term use of NSAIDs is more relevant in preventing colorectal cancer rather than obtaining a history from a patient already diagnosed with the condition.
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Which type of gastritis is most likely to occur in a college student who has an isolated drinking binge?
- A. Acute gastritis
- B. Chronic gastritis
- C. Helicobacter pylori gastritis
- D. Autoimmune metaplastic atrophic gastritis
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Acute gastritis. This type of gastritis is most likely to occur in a college student after an isolated drinking binge due to the irritation caused by excessive alcohol consumption on the stomach lining. The rapid onset of symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain align with acute gastritis. Chronic gastritis (B) develops over time with prolonged irritation, not from a one-time binge. Helicobacter pylori gastritis (C) is typically associated with a bacterial infection rather than alcohol consumption. Autoimmune metaplastic atrophic gastritis (D) is a chronic condition associated with autoimmune reactions, not acute alcohol-induced irritation as seen in this scenario.
The falciform ligament separates the right from _____ lobe.
- A. quadrate
- B. left
- C. caudate
- D. pancreatic
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The falciform ligament separates the right and left lobes of the liver. This is because it attaches the liver to the anterior abdominal wall and suspends it from the diaphragm, dividing the liver into right and left lobes. The quadrate, caudate, and pancreatic lobes are not separated by the falciform ligament, making choices A, C, and D incorrect, respectively.
A patient with chronic cholecystitis asks the nurse whether she will need to continue a low-fat diet after she has a cholecystectomy. What is the best response by the nurse?
- A. A low-fat diet will prevent the development of further gallstones and should be continued.'
- B. Yes; because you will not have a gallbladder to store bile, you will not be able to digest fats adequately.'
- C. A low-fat diet is recommended for a few weeks after surgery until the intestine adjusts to receiving a continuous flow of bile.'
- D. Removal of the gallbladder will eliminate the source of your pain associated with fat intake, so you may eat whatever you like.'
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C because after a cholecystectomy, the gallbladder is removed, and bile flows continuously from the liver into the intestine. Initially, the intestine may struggle to adjust to this continuous flow of bile, leading to difficulty in digesting fats. Therefore, a low-fat diet is recommended for a few weeks post-surgery to aid in this adjustment period. This answer acknowledges the temporary need for a low-fat diet until the body adapts.
Choice A is incorrect because the primary purpose of a low-fat diet post-cholecystectomy is not to prevent further gallstones but to aid in fat digestion. Choice B is incorrect as the body can still digest fats adequately even without a gallbladder, though it may take some time to adjust. Choice D is incorrect because while the pain associated with fat intake may be eliminated, it is still important to follow dietary recommendations post-surgery for optimal recovery.
Which enzyme is responsible for digesting carbohydrates?
- A. pepsin
- B. amylase
- C. lipase
- D. trypsin
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: amylase. Amylase is responsible for digesting carbohydrates by breaking down starches into simple sugars. Pepsin (A) digests proteins, lipase (C) digests fats, and trypsin (D) digests proteins as well. Amylase specifically targets carbohydrates, making it the correct enzyme for this function.
Mechanical digestion begins in the:
- A. mouth
- B. stomach
- C. small intestine
- D. large intestine
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: mouth. Mechanical digestion begins in the mouth where food is chewed and mixed with saliva, breaking down into smaller pieces for easier swallowing and digestion. This process increases the surface area of food for enzymes to act upon. The stomach (B) primarily performs chemical digestion, the small intestine (C) is where most chemical digestion and absorption occur, and the large intestine (D) is mainly responsible for water absorption and formation of feces. Thus, the mouth is the correct choice for the beginning of mechanical digestion.