Nokea
Glucose absorption from the small intestine is by:
- A. Simple passive diffusion.
- B. Sodium-glucose co-transport system.
- C. Osmosis.
- D. Primary active transport.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Sodium-glucose co-transport system. This system involves the active transport of glucose across the small intestine epithelial cells with the help of sodium ions. This mechanism allows for the absorption of glucose against its concentration gradient, ensuring efficient uptake. Other choices are incorrect because: A) Simple passive diffusion is not efficient for glucose absorption due to its hydrophilic nature. C) Osmosis is the movement of water molecules, not glucose. D) Primary active transport involves the direct use of energy to transport molecules, which is not the case for glucose absorption in the small intestine.
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Salivary glands structurally are
- A. compound tubuloadnar or tubuloalveolar glands.
- B. compound alveolar or acinar glands.
- C. compound tubular glands.
- D. simple branched alveolar or acinar glands.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: compound tubuloadnar or tubuloalveolar glands. Salivary glands are compound glands with both tubular and alveolar structures, allowing for both secretion and storage of saliva. The tubuloadnar or tubuloalveolar structure allows for efficient production and release of saliva.
Incorrect choices:
B: Compound alveolar or acinar glands - Alveolar and acinar glands do not have the tubular structure required for efficient saliva production.
C: Compound tubular glands - Tubular glands lack the alveolar structure needed for storage and release of saliva.
D: Simple branched alveolar or acinar glands - Simple glands do not have the complexity needed for optimal saliva production and release.
Which of the following is an accessory organ of digestion?
- A. pancreas
- B. esophagus
- C. stomach
- D. small intestine
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: pancreas. The pancreas is an accessory organ of digestion because it produces digestive enzymes that help break down carbohydrates, fats, and proteins in the small intestine. It also secretes bicarbonate to neutralize stomach acid. The esophagus (B) is a part of the digestive tract but not an accessory organ. The stomach (C) and small intestine (D) are primary organs of digestion, not accessory organs.
Gastric secretions:
- A. Decrease when a person thinks of food.
- B. Contain a substance which is essential for absorption of vitamin B12 from terminal ileum.
- C. Contain HCL secreted by chief cells.
- D. Are essential for fat digestion and absorption.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Step-by-step rationale:
1. Gastric secretions contain intrinsic factor, essential for vitamin B12 absorption from the terminal ileum.
2. Intrinsic factor binds to vitamin B12 to facilitate its absorption.
3. Without intrinsic factor, vitamin B12 absorption is impaired, leading to pernicious anemia.
4. Therefore, choice B is correct.
Summary:
- Choice A is incorrect as gastric secretions increase, not decrease, when a person thinks of food.
- Choice C is incorrect as hydrochloric acid (HCl) is secreted by parietal cells, not chief cells.
- Choice D is incorrect as fat digestion primarily occurs in the small intestine with the help of pancreatic enzymes, not gastric secretions.
The parietal cells in the gastric glands of the pyloric region produce ______ that bonds with Vitamin ______ to make it more readily absorbed in the ileum.
- A. hydrochloric acid; B12
- B. mucus; D
- C. pepsinogen; D
- D. intrinsic factor; B12
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because intrinsic factor is produced by parietal cells in the gastric glands of the pyloric region. Intrinsic factor forms a complex with Vitamin B12, which is essential for its absorption in the ileum. This mechanism is crucial for preventing Vitamin B12 deficiency.
Choice A is incorrect because hydrochloric acid is produced by parietal cells but does not bond with Vitamin B12 for absorption. Choice B is incorrect as mucus is not involved in Vitamin B12 absorption. Choice C is incorrect as pepsinogen is not responsible for facilitating Vitamin B12 absorption.
A nurse is reviewing the provider's prescriptions for a client experiencing a paralytic ileus following an appendectomy. Which of the following actions should the nurse expect to take?
- A. Administer an antacid.
- B. Provide a bulk-forming agent.
- C. Insert nasogastric tube.
- D. Apply a truss.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Insert nasogastric tube. In a paralytic ileus, the intestines are unable to contract and move contents, leading to bowel obstruction. Inserting a nasogastric tube helps decompress the intestines by removing gas and fluid, relieving discomfort and preventing further complications. Administering an antacid (A) is not indicated for paralytic ileus. Providing a bulk-forming agent (B) may exacerbate the obstruction. Applying a truss (D) is used for hernias, not for paralytic ileus.