Nokea
The hepatic sinusoids receive oxygenated and unoxygenated blood. The blood vessels that provide mixed blood to the sinusoids are the
- A. hepatic artery and hepatic vein.
- B. hepatic vein and hepatic portal vein.
- C. hepatic portal artery and hepatic portal vein.
- D. hepatic artery and hepatic portal vein.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Rationale:
1. The hepatic artery carries oxygenated blood to the liver.
2. The hepatic portal vein carries nutrient-rich but deoxygenated blood from the digestive system.
3. The hepatic sinusoids receive blood from both the hepatic artery and portal vein, creating a mix of oxygenated and nutrient-rich blood.
4. Choice D (hepatic artery and hepatic portal vein) is correct as it accurately reflects the blood vessels providing mixed blood to the hepatic sinusoids.
Summary:
- Choice A (hepatic artery and hepatic vein) is incorrect as the hepatic vein carries deoxygenated blood.
- Choice B (hepatic vein and hepatic portal vein) is incorrect as it does not include the artery supplying oxygenated blood.
- Choice C (hepatic portal artery and hepatic portal vein) is incorrect as there is no such thing as a hepatic portal artery.
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If you place a pin through the greater omentum, through how many layers of simple squamous epithelium would the pin pass?
- B. 1
- C. 2
- D. 3
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C (2 layers). The greater omentum consists of a double layer of peritoneum, which is a serous membrane composed of simple squamous epithelium. Therefore, when a pin is placed through the greater omentum, it would pass through two layers of simple squamous epithelium. Choice A (0) is incorrect because there are indeed layers of epithelium in the greater omentum. Choice B (1) is incorrect because there are two layers of epithelium. Choice D (3) is incorrect as there are only two layers to pass through.
Infarction of the bowel may be caused by:
- A. volvulus
- B. mesenteric artery thrombosis
- C. both
- D. neither
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Infarction of the bowel may be caused by a volvulus, where the bowel twists on its mesentery, leading to compromised blood flow. Mesenteric artery thrombosis can also cause bowel infarction by obstructing blood supply. Therefore, the correct answer is C (both). Choices A and B are incorrect because each of them individually can cause bowel infarction.
Which of the following is the transporter for fructose in the small intestine?
- A. SGLT1
- B. SGLT2
- C. GLUT4
- D. GLUT5
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: GLUT5. GLUT5 is the specific transporter responsible for transporting fructose across the apical membrane of enterocytes in the small intestine. It is a uniporter that facilitates the movement of fructose down its concentration gradient via facilitated diffusion. SGLT1 (Choice A) and SGLT2 (Choice B) are sodium-glucose transporters involved in the absorption of glucose and galactose, not fructose. GLUT4 (Choice C) is primarily found in muscle and adipose tissue and is responsible for insulin-mediated glucose uptake, not fructose transport in the small intestine.
The _____ prevents food from entering the small intestine.
- A. cardiac sphincter
- B. pyloric valve
- C. ileo-colic valve
- D. sphincter of Oddi
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: pyloric valve. The pyloric valve is located between the stomach and the small intestine, specifically at the junction of the stomach and the duodenum. Its main function is to regulate the flow of partially digested food from the stomach into the small intestine. This control is crucial to ensure that the small intestine receives food at a manageable rate for optimal digestion and absorption of nutrients. The cardiac sphincter (A) is located at the entrance of the stomach from the esophagus and prevents acid reflux. The ileo-colic valve (C) is located between the small and large intestines, controlling the flow of contents between them. The sphincter of Oddi (D) regulates the flow of bile and pancreatic juice into the small intestine.
A patient with chronic cholecystitis asks the nurse whether she will need to continue a low-fat diet after she has a cholecystectomy. What is the best response by the nurse?
- A. A low-fat diet will prevent the development of further gallstones and should be continued.'
- B. Yes; because you will not have a gallbladder to store bile, you will not be able to digest fats adequately.'
- C. A low-fat diet is recommended for a few weeks after surgery until the intestine adjusts to receiving a continuous flow of bile.'
- D. Removal of the gallbladder will eliminate the source of your pain associated with fat intake, so you may eat whatever you like.'
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C because after a cholecystectomy, the gallbladder is removed, and bile flows continuously from the liver into the intestine. Initially, the intestine may struggle to adjust to this continuous flow of bile, leading to difficulty in digesting fats. Therefore, a low-fat diet is recommended for a few weeks post-surgery to aid in this adjustment period. This answer acknowledges the temporary need for a low-fat diet until the body adapts.
Choice A is incorrect because the primary purpose of a low-fat diet post-cholecystectomy is not to prevent further gallstones but to aid in fat digestion. Choice B is incorrect as the body can still digest fats adequately even without a gallbladder, though it may take some time to adjust. Choice D is incorrect because while the pain associated with fat intake may be eliminated, it is still important to follow dietary recommendations post-surgery for optimal recovery.