Nokea
The following is true about the small intestine:
- A. Stores food for several hours
- B. Is the main source of digestive enzymes
- C. Has haustrae
- D. Has segmentation contractions
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: The small intestine has segmentation contractions. This is because segmentation contractions are responsible for mixing and moving chyme (partially digested food) along the small intestine, allowing for optimal nutrient absorption. This process helps maximize the contact between chyme and the intestinal walls, facilitating absorption.
A: Incorrect. The small intestine does not store food for several hours; instead, it continuously processes and absorbs nutrients.
B: Incorrect. While the small intestine plays a crucial role in digestion and absorption, the main source of digestive enzymes is the pancreas.
C: Incorrect. Haustrae are found in the large intestine, not the small intestine. They aid in the absorption of water and electrolytes.
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Which is not a feature of digestive motility?
- A. Peristalsis only involves forward movements
- B. Segmentation involves mechanical digestion of food
- C. Peristalsis is present in the oesophagus, stomach and small/large intestines
- D. Segmentation is present in the stomach, small and large intestines
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A. Peristalsis involves coordinated waves of muscle contractions that propel food forward. However, peristalsis can also involve backward movements to help with mixing and digestion. Therefore, the statement that peristalsis only involves forward movements is incorrect. Segmentation involves mixing and breaking down food through contractions that occur in non-unidirectional patterns. Peristalsis can be found in the esophagus, stomach, and intestines, while segmentation is mainly present in the small intestine. Therefore, choices B, C, and D are incorrect based on the explanations provided.
Bile contains all of the following except:
- A. Alkaline phosphatase +
- B. K
- C. Cholesterol
- D. CCK
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Bile does not contain potassium (K) as it is not a component of bile. The correct answer is B. Alkaline phosphatase is present in bile and aids in digestion. Cholesterol is also found in bile. CCK (Cholecystokinin) is a hormone released by the small intestine to stimulate bile release. Potassium is not a part of the composition of bile.
A 40-year-old severely obese female patient with type 2 diabetes wants to lose weight. After learning about the surgical procedures
- A. she thinks a combination of restrictive and malabsorptive surgery would be best. Which procedure should the nurse teach her about?
- B. Lipectomy
- C. Roux-en-Y gastric bypass
- D. Adjustable gastric banding
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Lipectomy. This procedure involves the removal of excess fat tissue, which can help the patient achieve weight loss. In contrast, options C and D are bariatric surgeries, which are not solely focused on fat removal and may not be suitable for this patient given her age and medical history. Option A, a combination of restrictive and malabsorptive surgery, may pose higher risks for complications in a severely obese patient with diabetes. Lipectomy is a more targeted and less invasive approach to weight loss, making it the most appropriate choice in this scenario.
The patient has hepatic encephalopathy. What is a priority nursing intervention to keep the patient safe?
- A. Turn the patient every 3 hours.
- B. Encourage increasing ambulation.
- C. Assist the patient to the bathroom.
- D. Prevent constipation to reduce ammonia production.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Prevent constipation to reduce ammonia production. In hepatic encephalopathy, the liver is unable to metabolize ammonia, leading to its accumulation and brain dysfunction. Preventing constipation helps reduce the production of ammonia by promoting regular bowel movements. This is crucial in managing hepatic encephalopathy to prevent worsening of symptoms and improve patient safety.
A: Turning the patient every 3 hours is important for preventing pressure ulcers but is not directly related to managing hepatic encephalopathy.
B: Encouraging increasing ambulation may be beneficial for overall patient health but does not directly address the priority of reducing ammonia production in hepatic encephalopathy.
C: Assisting the patient to the bathroom is important for maintaining hygiene and comfort but does not address the underlying issue of reducing ammonia production in hepatic encephalopathy.
The hepatic sinusoids receive oxygenated and unoxygenated blood. The blood vessels that provide mixed blood to the sinusoids are the
- A. hepatic artery and hepatic vein.
- B. hepatic vein and hepatic portal vein.
- C. hepatic portal artery and hepatic portal vein.
- D. hepatic artery and hepatic portal vein.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Rationale:
1. The hepatic artery carries oxygenated blood to the liver.
2. The hepatic portal vein carries nutrient-rich but deoxygenated blood from the digestive system.
3. The hepatic sinusoids receive blood from both the hepatic artery and portal vein, creating a mix of oxygenated and nutrient-rich blood.
4. Choice D (hepatic artery and hepatic portal vein) is correct as it accurately reflects the blood vessels providing mixed blood to the hepatic sinusoids.
Summary:
- Choice A (hepatic artery and hepatic vein) is incorrect as the hepatic vein carries deoxygenated blood.
- Choice B (hepatic vein and hepatic portal vein) is incorrect as it does not include the artery supplying oxygenated blood.
- Choice C (hepatic portal artery and hepatic portal vein) is incorrect as there is no such thing as a hepatic portal artery.