Nokea
The primary target of the releasing and inhibiting hormones of the hypothalamus is the:
- A. Liver and adipose tissue
- B. Gonads
- C. Anterior pituitary
- D. Bone marrow
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C. The primary target of releasing and inhibiting hormones from the hypothalamus is the anterior pituitary. The hypothalamus secretes these hormones into the hypophyseal portal system, which directly connects to the anterior pituitary. This interaction controls the release of various hormones from the anterior pituitary, regulating functions such as growth, reproduction, and stress response. Choices A, B, and D are incorrect because releasing and inhibiting hormones from the hypothalamus do not primarily target the liver, adipose tissue, gonads, or bone marrow directly.
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All of the following are endocrine glands EXCEPT
- A. adrenal glands.
- B. sweat glands.
- C. parathyroid glands.
- D. pineal gland.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: sweat glands. Endocrine glands secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream, affecting various organs and tissues. Sweat glands, on the other hand, are exocrine glands that release sweat through ducts onto the skin's surface to regulate body temperature. Adrenal glands produce hormones like cortisol and adrenaline (A), parathyroid glands regulate calcium levels in the body (C), and the pineal gland produces melatonin to regulate sleep-wake cycles (D). Therefore, sweat glands do not fit the definition of an endocrine gland, making them the correct choice.
To prevent hyperglycemia or hypoglycemia related to exercise, what should the nurse teach the patient using glucose-lowering agents about the best time for exercise?
- A. Only after a 15-g carbohydrate snack is eaten
- B. About 1 hour after eating when blood glucose levels are rising
- C. When glucose monitoring reveals that the blood glucose is in the normal range
- D. When blood glucose levels are high, because exercise always has a hypoglycemic effect
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Exercising about 1 hour after eating helps to ensure blood glucose is rising and reduces the risk of hypoglycemia.
The second-messenger mechanism of hormone action operates by ________.
- A. synthesizing more of the hormone than is actually needed
- B. increasing the basal metabolic rate in the target organ
- C. not responding to a feedback mechanism
- D. binding to specific receptors and employing the services of G proteins and cAMP
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because the second-messenger mechanism involves the hormone binding to specific receptors on the cell surface, activating G proteins, which then trigger the production of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) inside the cell. cAMP acts as a secondary messenger to relay the hormone's signal and initiate a cellular response. Synthesizing more hormone than needed (A) is not related to the mechanism. Increasing basal metabolic rate (B) is not a direct result of the second-messenger system. Not responding to feedback (C) contradicts the regulatory nature of hormone actions.
Growth hormone:
- A. is secreted by the adenohypophysis.
- B. stimulates growth of the musculoskeletal system.
- C. is also called somatotropic hormone.
- D. all is applicable.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Certainly! The correct answer is D because growth hormone is indeed secreted by the adenohypophysis, it stimulates growth of the musculoskeletal system, and it is also known as somatotropic hormone. All the statements in choices A, B, and C are true regarding growth hormone, making option D the correct choice. The other choices are incorrect because they do not encompass all the functions and characteristics of growth hormone as described in the question.
Diabetes Mellitus Is a Hormonal Condition in Which
- A. Ketone bodies increases in urine
- B. Ketone bodies decreases in urine
- C. Urine becomes more dilute
- D. None of the above
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Rationale for Correct Answer A: Diabetes Mellitus is a condition where the body cannot properly regulate blood sugar levels due to insufficient insulin production. This leads to increased breakdown of fats for energy, resulting in the production of ketone bodies. Ketone bodies are acidic and are excreted in urine, causing ketonuria. Therefore, the correct answer is A.
Summary of Incorrect Choices:
B: Ketone bodies do not decrease in urine in Diabetes Mellitus.
C: Urine does not become more dilute in Diabetes Mellitus; instead, it may become more concentrated due to increased excretion of glucose and ketone bodies.
D: This choice is incorrect as Diabetes Mellitus does affect urine composition by increasing ketone bodies.