Nokea
Which of the following posterior pituitary hormones causes the kidney to decrease its excretion of urine?
- A. ADH
- B. ACTH
- C. Aldosterone
- D. Oxytocin
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Correct answer: A (ADH)
Rationale:
1. ADH (Antidiuretic hormone) acts on the kidneys to increase water reabsorption, leading to decreased urine output.
2. ACTH (Adrenocorticotropic hormone) stimulates the adrenal glands, not the kidneys.
3. Aldosterone acts on the kidneys to regulate electrolyte balance, not directly affecting urine volume.
4. Oxytocin primarily functions in uterine contractions and milk ejection, not in kidney function.
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Endocrine system consists of ductless glands which secrete:
- A. Enzymes
- B. Hormones
- C. Electrolytes
- D. Chemicals
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Hormones. The endocrine system consists of ductless glands that secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream to regulate various bodily functions. Hormones are chemical messengers that help control metabolism, growth, development, mood, and other physiological processes. Enzymes (choice A) are not secreted by the endocrine system but by exocrine glands. Electrolytes (choice C) are ions essential for various bodily functions but are not directly secreted by glands of the endocrine system. Choice D, chemicals, is too broad and vague as all substances can be considered chemicals.
Insulin:
- A. stimulates the formation of glycogen.
- B. increases the transport of glucose into a cell.
- C. stimulates the synthesis of proteins and fats.
- D. all is applicable.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Certainly! The correct answer is D because insulin plays a crucial role in various metabolic processes. Firstly, insulin stimulates the formation of glycogen by promoting the uptake of glucose into the liver and muscles for storage. Secondly, it increases the transport of glucose into cells, regulating blood sugar levels. Lastly, insulin also stimulates the synthesis of proteins and fats by promoting the uptake of amino acids and fatty acids into cells. Therefore, all the statements in option D are correct based on the functions of insulin.
The nurse is assessing a client who exhibits spontaneous spasm of the fingers or toes, mouth twitching or jaw tightening when he taps the cheek anteriorly to the earlobe. What sign does the nurse identify to document in the chart that is consistent with tetany?
- A. Lhermitte's sign
- B. Trousseau's sign
- C. Chvostek's sign
- D. Bulge sign
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Chvostek's sign is a positive sign of tetany, where tapping the cheek causes twitching of the facial muscles, indicating low calcium levels.
Chief cells secrete:
- A. HCl
- B. pepsinogen
- C. intrinsic factor
- D. HCO3-
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Chief cells in the gastric glands of the stomach secrete pepsinogen. Pepsinogen is an inactive precursor of pepsin, which is an enzyme responsible for breaking down proteins. This process aids in the digestion of proteins in the stomach. Chief cells do not secrete HCl (A), which is secreted by parietal cells. Intrinsic factor (C) is secreted by parietal cells and is essential for vitamin B12 absorption, not by chief cells. HCO3- (D) is secreted by the pancreas to neutralize stomach acid in the duodenum, not by chief cells in the stomach.
Which of the following is the response to low plasma levels of calcium?
- A. Secretion of calcitonin
- B. Secretion of the beta cells of the islets of Langerhans
- C. Inhibition of the adenohypophyseal release of ACTH
- D. Secretion of PTH
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Secretion of PTH. Low plasma levels of calcium trigger the parathyroid glands to release parathyroid hormone (PTH) to increase calcium levels. PTH acts on the bones to stimulate calcium release, on the kidneys to increase calcium reabsorption, and on the intestines to enhance absorption.
A: Secretion of calcitonin is incorrect because calcitonin is released in response to high calcium levels to lower them.
B: Secretion of the beta cells of the islets of Langerhans is incorrect as these cells secrete insulin in response to high blood glucose levels.
C: Inhibition of the adenohypophyseal release of ACTH is incorrect as ACTH is related to stress response, not calcium regulation.