Nokea
Identify the gland that secretes cortisol and aldosterone.
- A. thyroid
- B. parathyroid
- C. pancreas
- D. adrenal
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: adrenal gland. The adrenal gland secretes cortisol and aldosterone. Cortisol is essential for regulating metabolism, immune response, and stress. Aldosterone helps regulate blood pressure and electrolyte balance. The other choices are incorrect because the thyroid gland (A) secretes hormones like thyroid hormone and calcitonin, the parathyroid gland (B) secretes parathyroid hormone, and the pancreas (C) secretes insulin and glucagon. Only the adrenal gland (D) secretes cortisol and aldosterone, making it the correct answer.
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The second-messenger mechanism of hormone action operates by ________.
- A. synthesizing more of the hormone than is actually needed
- B. increasing the basal metabolic rate in the target organ
- C. not responding to a feedback mechanism
- D. binding to specific receptors and employing the services of G proteins and cAMP
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because the second-messenger mechanism involves the hormone binding to specific receptors on the cell surface, activating G proteins, which then trigger the production of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) inside the cell. cAMP acts as a secondary messenger to relay the hormone's signal and initiate a cellular response. Synthesizing more hormone than needed (A) is not related to the mechanism. Increasing basal metabolic rate (B) is not a direct result of the second-messenger system. Not responding to feedback (C) contradicts the regulatory nature of hormone actions.
The secretion of cortisol by the adrenal gland suppresses further secretion of ACTH by the anterior pituitary gland. What is this interaction called?
- A. Cerebral lateralization
- B. Circadian rhythm
- C. Cellular differentiation
- D. Negative feedback control
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Negative feedback control. This interaction is a classic example of negative feedback control in the endocrine system. Cortisol inhibits the release of ACTH, which in turn reduces the stimulation of cortisol production, creating a feedback loop to maintain hormonal balance. Choice A, cerebral lateralization, refers to the specialization of brain function. Choice B, circadian rhythm, pertains to the 24-hour biological cycle. Choice C, cellular differentiation, involves the process of cells becoming specialized for specific functions. Thus, the correct answer is D because it accurately describes the feedback mechanism at play in the cortisol-ACTH interaction.
Which of the following hormones is responsible for the fight-or-flight response?
- A. Epinephrine & norepinephrine
- B. Insulin & glucagon
- C. Estrogen & progesterone
- D. Thyroxin & melatonin
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Epinephrine & norepinephrine. These hormones are responsible for the fight-or-flight response. When facing a threat, the adrenal glands release these hormones, which increase heart rate, blood pressure, and energy levels to prepare the body to either fight or flee. Epinephrine and norepinephrine are part of the sympathetic nervous system's response to stress.
Choices B, C, and D are incorrect:
B: Insulin & glucagon regulate blood sugar levels, not the fight-or-flight response.
C: Estrogen & progesterone are reproductive hormones, not involved in the fight-or-flight response.
D: Thyroxin & melatonin regulate metabolism and sleep-wake cycles, respectively, not the fight-or-flight response.
Insulin:
- A. stimulates the formation of glycogen.
- B. increases the transport of glucose into a cell.
- C. stimulates the synthesis of proteins and fats.
- D. all is applicable.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Certainly! The correct answer is D because insulin plays a crucial role in various metabolic processes. Firstly, insulin stimulates the formation of glycogen by promoting the uptake of glucose into the liver and muscles for storage. Secondly, it increases the transport of glucose into cells, regulating blood sugar levels. Lastly, insulin also stimulates the synthesis of proteins and fats by promoting the uptake of amino acids and fatty acids into cells. Therefore, all the statements in option D are correct based on the functions of insulin.
Nervousness, increased body temperature, and increased blood-pressure are indications of _______.
- A. diabetes mellitus
- B. hypoglycemia
- C. hypothyroidism
- D. hyperthyroidism
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: hyperthyroidism. Nervousness, increased body temperature, and increased blood pressure are classic symptoms of hyperthyroidism. This condition is characterized by an overactive thyroid gland, leading to an excess production of thyroid hormones. These hormones can cause an increase in metabolism, leading to symptoms such as nervousness, heat intolerance, and elevated heart rate. Diabetes mellitus (A) is not associated with increased body temperature or blood pressure. Hypoglycemia (B) is characterized by low blood sugar levels, leading to symptoms such as dizziness and confusion, not increased body temperature. Hypothyroidism (C) is characterized by an underactive thyroid gland, leading to symptoms such as fatigue, weight gain, and cold intolerance, not increased body temperature or blood pressure.