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The public health nurse is reading information from a study that states that hypertension may be associated with an odds ratio of 2.49, meaning the patient is approximately 2.5 times more likely to have a severe form of COVID-19 than those without hypertension. The nurse describes the odds ratio as:
- A. a measure of association between an exposure and an outcome
- B. an absolute risk increase
- C. a measure of statistical significance
- D. a measure of precision
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A because an odds ratio is a measure of association between an exposure (hypertension) and an outcome (severe COVID-19). It quantifies the strength of the relationship between the two variables. In this case, an odds ratio of 2.49 indicates that individuals with hypertension are about 2.5 times more likely to have severe COVID-19 compared to those without hypertension.
Choice B is incorrect because an odds ratio does not measure absolute risk increase but rather the relative risk or likelihood of an outcome. Choice C is incorrect because an odds ratio does not measure statistical significance; it measures the strength of association. Choice D is incorrect because an odds ratio does not measure precision; it quantifies the strength of the relationship between variables.
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The RN working within the NFP model of care uses the Minnesota Health Wheel to describe what she does in her role to her own family. Which intervention is the RN likely to describe that is consistent with the public health nurse role of delegation:
- A. I administered IV antibiotics every 6 hours when the physician or nurse practitioner prescribed them.
- B. I conducted a full respiratory exam on a mother who might need asthma follow-up.
- C. I collaborated with the social work services team when I noted that my patient was unhoused.
- D. I taught the newly pregnant mom about necessary vaccinations to have at this time.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C because public health nurses in the NFP model focus on collaborating with other healthcare professionals and community resources to address the social determinants of health. By collaborating with the social work services team when recognizing that a patient is unhoused, the nurse is delegating the appropriate intervention to address the patient's social needs, which is a key aspect of the public health nurse role.
Choices A, B, and D are incorrect because they all involve direct patient care interventions that are typically within the scope of practice of the nurse themselves, rather than delegating to other professionals or resources. Option A involves administering IV antibiotics, which is a nursing task. Option B involves conducting a respiratory exam, which is also a nursing task. Option D involves teaching a patient about necessary vaccinations, which is an educational intervention within the nurse's scope of practice.
When writing a community diagnosis, the community health nurse notes that the 'among' phrase:
- A. Presents a synthesis of all assessment data.
- B. Provides the supporting data.
- C. Specifies the aggregate that will benefit from the nurse's plan.
- D. Describes the cause of the health problem and directs focus of interventions.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C because specifying the aggregate that will benefit from the nurse's plan is a key component of a community diagnosis. This step helps in identifying the target population for interventions and ensures that resources are allocated effectively.
A: Presenting a synthesis of all assessment data is important but not specific to the 'among' phrase.
B: Providing supporting data is necessary but does not directly relate to the 'among' phrase.
D: Describing the cause of the health problem and directing focus of interventions is crucial but not the primary focus of the 'among' phrase.
The public health RN is engaging with a teen in his community who is concerned about how he will be able to stay part of his friend group when they are all vaping and your client does not want to take part but does not want to feel awkward. Using motivational interviewing techniques, the RN says to the client, 'I understand this concern. Please tell me more about this and how it feels awkward for you.' The RN's question is an example of:
- A. Moving the teen to find a new friend group.
- B. Addressing the problem of teen awkwardness.
- C. Agreeing that awkwardness is hard.
- D. Using open-ended questioning.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Using open-ended questioning. The RN's question is open-ended, allowing the teen to express thoughts and feelings freely. This technique helps the client explore their concerns and motivations, fostering self-reflection and problem-solving. This approach aligns with motivational interviewing principles, aiming to evoke the client's own reasons for change.
Choices A, B, and C are incorrect:
A: Moving the teen to find a new friend group - This option involves a directive approach, which is contrary to motivational interviewing's collaborative and client-centered nature.
B: Addressing the problem of teen awkwardness - While acknowledging the teen's feelings, this choice focuses on the issue rather than facilitating the client's exploration of their own perspective.
C: Agreeing that awkwardness is hard - This choice reflects empathy, but it does not encourage the client to elaborate on their feelings and thoughts, limiting the depth of the conversation.
Why is environmental health more challenging than other variables related to an individual's health?
- A. Environmental health affects susceptible individuals more than groups.
- B. Environmental health demands that individuals be willing to change their beliefs.
- C. Environmental health is dependent on social neighborhoods and geography.
- D. Environmental health requires social, economic, and political changes to improve.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because environmental health issues are complex and interconnected with social, economic, and political factors. Improving environmental health often involves addressing systemic issues and implementing large-scale changes. This includes policies, regulations, and community initiatives. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect because environmental health impacts both individuals and groups, requires more than just individual behavior change, and goes beyond just social neighborhoods and geography.
In a community with competencies, what characteristic demonstrates their ability effectively?
- A. Identify their needs, achieve consensus, and plan and implement goals
- B. Delegate community processes to an outside expert
- C. Conduct their own cross-sectional epidemiological studies
- D. Predict morbidity and mortality rates
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A because it demonstrates a comprehensive approach to community competency. Identifying needs shows awareness, achieving consensus promotes unity, and planning and implementing goals indicate organizational skills. B is incorrect as it lacks community involvement. C is incorrect as it focuses on a specific research method rather than overall competencies. D is incorrect as it pertains to forecasting health outcomes rather than community effectiveness. Therefore, A is the most appropriate choice for showcasing the ability to effectively address community needs.