Nokea
The 'rapid' HIV antibody testing is performed on a patient at high risk for HIV infection. What should the nurse explain about this test?
- A. The test measures the activity of the HIV and reports viral loads as real numbers.
- B. This test is highly reliable, and in 5 minutes the patient will know if HIV infection is present.
- C. If the results are positive, another blood test and a return appointment for results will be necessary.
- D. This test detects drug-resistant viral mutations that are present in viral genes to evaluate resistance to antiretroviral drugs.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: While rapid tests provide preliminary results quickly, confirmatory testing is required for accurate diagnosis.
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Therapy for autoimmune diseases does NOT include
- A. Immuno-suppressive drugs such as cortisone
- B. Aspirin
- C. Anti-TNF therapy
- D. Anti-CD20
Correct Answer: E
Rationale: Rationale for Correct Answer (E):
E: Surgery is the correct answer. Surgery is not typically used as a primary therapy for autoimmune diseases. Autoimmune diseases are usually treated with medications such as immuno-suppressive drugs (A), anti-inflammatory drugs (B), and targeted therapies like anti-TNF (C) and anti-CD20 (D) to manage symptoms and control the immune response. Surgery is only considered in specific cases when other treatments have failed or for complications related to the autoimmune disease. Therefore, surgery is not a standard therapy for autoimmune diseases.
Summary of Incorrect Choices:
A: Immuno-suppressive drugs like cortisone are commonly used in autoimmune disease treatment.
B: Aspirin is an anti-inflammatory drug that can help manage symptoms in some autoimmune diseases.
C: Anti-TNF therapy targets specific molecules involved in the immune response in autoimmune diseases.
D: Anti-CD20 therapy targets B cells to modulate the immune response in autoimmune diseases.
What is the key characteristic of adaptive immunity compared to innate immunity?
- A. It uses physical barriers like skin
- B. It has antigen-specific responses and memory
- C. It responds to all antigens non-specifically
- D. It is faster than innate immunity
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B because adaptive immunity is characterized by antigen-specific responses and memory. This means that it can recognize and target specific antigens upon exposure and develop long-lasting immunological memory.
Choice A is incorrect because physical barriers like skin are part of innate immunity, not adaptive immunity. Choice C is incorrect as adaptive immunity responds to specific antigens, not all antigens non-specifically. Choice D is incorrect because adaptive immunity typically takes longer to respond compared to innate immunity due to the need for activation and clonal expansion of specific immune cells.
A nurse attends a seminar on the immune system and learns about the different lymphocytes in the body. Where do the T lymphocytes originate from and where do they travel to?
- A. Bone marrow and the lymph nodes
- B. Bone marrow and plasma
- C. Bone marrow and spleen
- D. Bone marrow and thymus
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: T lymphocytes originate in the bone marrow and mature in the thymus where they become specialized for immune responses.
To provide free water and intracellular fluid hydration for a patient with acute gastroenteritis who is NPO, the nurse would expect administration of which infusion?
- A. Dextrose 5% in water
- B. Dextrose 10% in water
- C. Lactated Ringer’s solution
- D. Dextrose 5% in normal saline (0.9%)
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: D5W provides free water without adding significant electrolytes, aiding intracellular hydration.
What is the medical term for the formation of abnormal red blood cells?
- A. Leukocytosis
- B. Thrombocytosis
- C. Hemolysis
- D. Anemia
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Anemia. Anemia is the medical term for a condition where there is a decrease in the number of red blood cells or hemoglobin in the blood. The formation of abnormal red blood cells can lead to anemia, affecting the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood. Leukocytosis (A) is an increase in white blood cells, thrombocytosis (B) is an increase in platelets, and hemolysis (C) is the breakdown of red blood cells, none of which specifically refer to the formation of abnormal red blood cells.