Nokea
The term “infectious process†means “all biological processes carried out after…â€
- A. The attachment and penetration of microbes into the microorganism
- B. The attachment and penetration of microbes into the microorganisms regardless of whether or not there is clinical manifestation
- C. The penetration of microbes into the macroorganism and always manifest clinically
- D. No correct answer
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B because the term "infectious process" refers to all biological processes that occur after the attachment and penetration of microbes into the host organism, regardless of whether there are clinical manifestations. This includes the colonization, multiplication, and spread of the microorganisms within the host.
Explanation:
A: Incorrect because it only mentions the attachment and penetration of microbes into the microorganism, missing the subsequent processes.
C: Incorrect because it is too specific, stating that the penetration of microbes always manifests clinically, which is not always the case.
D: Incorrect because there is a correct answer, which is B, as explained above.
You may also like to solve these questions
A patient with suspected liver abscess was admitted to the surgical department. The patient had been staying for a long time on business in one of African countries and fell repeatedly ill with acute gastrointestinal disorders. What protozoal disease may the patient be now ill with?
- A. Amebiasis
- B. Trypanosomosis
- C. Leishmaniasis
- D. Malaria
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Rationale: The correct answer is Amebiasis (choice A) because the patient's symptoms of acute gastrointestinal disorders and prolonged stay in an African country suggest exposure to Entamoeba histolytica, the causative agent of amebiasis. This protozoal infection commonly occurs in tropical regions, including Africa. Trypanosomosis (choice B) is caused by Trypanosoma species transmitted by tsetse flies, primarily found in sub-Saharan Africa. Leishmaniasis (choice C) is transmitted by sandflies and presents with skin lesions or visceral involvement, not acute gastrointestinal symptoms. Malaria (choice D) is caused by Plasmodium parasites transmitted by mosquitoes and typically presents with fever, not acute gastrointestinal disorders. Therefore, choices B, C, and D are incorrect based on the patient's clinical presentation and travel history.
Bacterial endotoxins are:
- A. proteins in the cell wall
- B. secreted into the environment
- C. components of the gram-positive cell wall
- D. components of the gram-negative cell wall
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: components of the gram-negative cell wall. Bacterial endotoxins are lipopolysaccharides found in the outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria. They are released upon bacterial cell lysis and can cause severe immune responses.
A: Proteins in the cell wall - This is incorrect because endotoxins are not proteins but rather lipopolysaccharides.
B: Secreted into the environment - Endotoxins are not actively secreted but are released upon cell death or lysis.
C: Components of the gram-positive cell wall - Gram-positive bacteria do not have an outer membrane with lipopolysaccharides, so endotoxins are not found in the gram-positive cell wall.
The bacteria that cause Lyme disease is:
- A. Treponema pallidum
- B. Borrelia burgdorferi
- C. Leptospira interrogans
- D. Rickettsia rickettsii
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Borrelia burgdorferi. Borrelia burgdorferi is the bacteria responsible for causing Lyme disease. It is transmitted to humans through the bite of infected black-legged ticks. Treponema pallidum causes syphilis, Leptospira interrogans causes leptospirosis, and Rickettsia rickettsii causes Rocky Mountain spotted fever. Borrelia burgdorferi is specifically associated with Lyme disease due to its transmission through tick bites and the characteristic symptoms it causes.
Most reliable test for detection of acute hepatitis A infection is
- A. Western blot assay for IgG anti-HAV in serum
- B. ELISA test for IgM anti-HAV in serum and HAV-Ag in stools
- C. ELISA test for IgG anti-HAV in serum
- D. None of the above
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: ELISA test for IgM anti-HAV in serum and HAV-Ag in stools. This test is the most reliable for detecting acute hepatitis A infection because IgM antibodies are produced early in the infection, indicating an active infection. Detection of HAV antigen in stools also confirms active viral shedding.
A: Western blot assay for IgG anti-HAV in serum is not the most reliable for acute infection detection as IgG antibodies are produced later in the infection and indicate past exposure or immunity.
C: ELISA test for IgG anti-HAV in serum is not the most reliable for acute infection detection as IgG antibodies are produced later in the infection and indicate past exposure or immunity.
D: None of the above is incorrect as option B is the most appropriate choice for detecting acute hepatitis A infection.
The causative agent of syphilis is:
- A. Borrelia burgdorferi
- B. Treponema pallidum
- C. Leptospira interrogans
- D. Rickettsia rickettsii
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Treponema pallidum.
1. Treponema pallidum is a spirochete bacterium known to cause syphilis.
2. Borrelia burgdorferi causes Lyme disease, not syphilis.
3. Leptospira interrogans causes leptospirosis, not syphilis.
4. Rickettsia rickettsii causes Rocky Mountain spotted fever, not syphilis.
Therefore, Treponema pallidum is the causative agent of syphilis, making it the correct answer.