Nokea
The term bacilli is related to:
- A. Bacteria that obtain red color in gram staining
- B. Spore-forming bacteria
- C. Those having a peptidoglycan up to 1-2%
- D. None of the above
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The term bacilli refers to rod-shaped bacteria, typically found in the Gram-positive group. Spore-forming bacteria, such as Bacillus and Clostridium, are characterized by their rod shape. Choice A is incorrect as the color in Gram staining does not define bacilli. Choice C is incorrect as peptidoglycan content does not determine the classification of bacilli. Choice D is incorrect as bacilli do have a specific characteristic. Therefore, the correct answer is B due to the shape and characteristic of spore-forming bacteria.
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What is the mechanism of action of the exotoxin C. Diphtheriae?
- A. Inhibits the release of acetylcholine
- B. Blocks the inhibitory neurotransmitters release
- C. Inhibits protein synthesis
- D. None of the above
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Inhibits protein synthesis. Exotoxin of C. Diphtheriae acts by inhibiting protein synthesis in host cells. This disrupts cellular functions and leads to tissue damage. Choice A is incorrect because acetylcholine release is not affected. Choice B is incorrect as it does not involve neurotransmitters. Choice D is incorrect as the exotoxin does have a specific mechanism.
Which toxin is specific for ETEC:
- A. TSST-1
- B. Shiga-like toxin
- C. Erythrogenic toxin
- D. LT enterotoxin
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: LT enterotoxin. This toxin is specific for Enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC) and is responsible for causing diarrhea by increasing cyclic AMP levels in intestinal cells. TSST-1 (choice A) is produced by Staphylococcus aureus, not ETEC. Shiga-like toxin (choice B) is produced by Shigella and EHEC, not ETEC. Erythrogenic toxin (choice C) is produced by Streptococcus pyogenes, not ETEC. Therefore, the LT enterotoxin is the specific toxin associated with ETEC.
What measures should be applied to prevent hospital-acquired infections:
- A. Isolation of the source
- B. Isolation of the risk patients
- C. Measures to increase the resistance of the patient to infections
- D. All are correct
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because all measures mentioned are important in preventing hospital-acquired infections. Isolating the source helps prevent the spread of infections. Isolating at-risk patients reduces their exposure. Increasing patient resistance to infections through proper hygiene and immunizations minimizes susceptibility. Each measure plays a crucial role in infection prevention, making all options correct.
The tertiary stage of syphilis is usually manifested as:
- A. Syphilitic granulomas (gummas)
- B. Purulent exudation from the urethra
- C. Non-tender chancre (ulcus durum)
- D. Diffuse maculopapular rash
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Syphilitic granulomas (gummas). In the tertiary stage of syphilis, gummas, which are soft, tumor-like growths, can develop in various organs such as the skin, bones, liver, and brain. This stage typically occurs years after the initial infection and can lead to serious complications if left untreated. Purulent exudation from the urethra (B) is not specific to syphilis and may indicate other infections. Non-tender chancre (C) is characteristic of the primary stage of syphilis, not the tertiary stage. Diffuse maculopapular rash (D) is more commonly seen in the secondary stage of syphilis.
The family Reoviridae includes the genera:
- A. Genus orthoreovirus, Rotavirus, Orbivirus
- B. Genus orthoretrovirus, Retrovirus, Orbfiloviridae
- C. Genus orthoretrovirus, Retrovirus, orbivirus
- D. Genus orthoretrovirus, Retrovirus, Orbarenaviridaefiloviridae
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A because it lists the genera that belong to the family Reoviridae accurately. Orthoreovirus and Rotavirus are well-known genera within the family Reoviridae. Orbivirus is another genus belonging to the same family.
Choice B is incorrect because Orthoretrovirus and Retrovirus are not part of the Reoviridae family. Orbfiloviridae is also not a valid genus within this family.
Choice C is incorrect because Orthoretrovirus and Retrovirus are not part of the Reoviridae family. Orbivirus is the correct genus but the other two are inaccurate.
Choice D is incorrect because Orthoretrovirus and Retrovirus are not part of the Reoviridae family. Orbarenaviridaefiloviridae is not a valid genus within Reoviridae.