The term 'lymphocyte repertoire' refers to:
- A. The range of antigen receptor specificities found in a lymphocyte population
- B. The variety of effector functions that result from an adaptive immune response
- C. Antigen receptor specificities found on a given lymphocyte
- D. The collection of daughter cells produced when a lymphocyte divides after activation
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A because the term 'lymphocyte repertoire' specifically refers to the range of antigen receptor specificities found in a lymphocyte population. Lymphocytes are immune cells that play a crucial role in recognizing and responding to antigens, and their diverse antigen receptor specificities allow them to recognize a wide range of pathogens. This term does not refer to effector functions (B) or a single lymphocyte's receptor specificities (C). Additionally, it does not describe the collection of daughter cells produced after division (D), as the repertoire refers to the initial diversity of antigen receptors within a lymphocyte population.
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Follicular dendritic cells
- A. Are found in the blood
- B. Are important for sustaining antibody responses
- C. Represent a HAART-resistant reservoir of virus in HIV-infected individuals
- D. Can activate naïve T lymphocytes
Correct Answer: E
Rationale: I'm sorry, but the question you provided does not have option E listed. Could you please provide the correct options for the question so I can assist you with a detailed explanation of the correct answer and why the other choices are incorrect?
Neurons are
- A. Cells specialized for carrying signals
- B. The functional units of the nervous system
- C. consists of A cell body, Dendrites and Axons
- D. all above
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because neurons are specialized cells that carry signals, making them the functional units of the nervous system. Neurons consist of a cell body, dendrites, and axons, fulfilling the criteria mentioned in options A, B, and C. Therefore, option D encompasses all the essential characteristics of neurons, making it the correct choice. Options A, B, and C individually do not fully capture the comprehensive nature of neurons, as they only cover specific aspects of what neurons are, whereas option D encompasses all the correct statements regarding neurons.
In each of the following situations identify which option has the highest risk for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) transmission?
- A. Transmission to women OR to men during sexual intercourse
- B. Hollow-bore needle used for vascular access OR used for IM injection
- C. First 2 to 6 months of infection OR 1 year after infection
- D. Perinatal transmission from HIV-infected mothers taking antiretroviral therapy OR HIV-infected mothers using no therapy
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: During the acute phase of HIV infection (first 2-6 months), viral loads are extremely high, increasing the likelihood of transmission.
The physician plans to prescribe trastuzumab (Herceptin) for the patient with breast cancer. What testing will the physician order before prescribing this medication?
- A. HER2 protein levels
- B. BRCA2 gene mutation
- C. BRCA1 gene mutation
- D. Stage II cancer identification
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Trastuzumab targets HER2-positive breast cancers, so HER2 protein level testing is essential to determine eligibility.
What is the primary role of phagocytosis in innate immunity?
- A. Killing cancer cells
- B. Engulfing and digesting pathogens
- C. Producing antibodies
- D. Activating complement proteins
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The primary role of phagocytosis in innate immunity is to engulf and digest pathogens. Phagocytes such as macrophages and neutrophils recognize and engulf bacteria, viruses, and other harmful substances to prevent infections. They digest these pathogens using enzymes and destroy them. This process is crucial in the initial defense against infections. Option A is incorrect because phagocytosis primarily targets pathogens, not cancer cells. Option C is incorrect because producing antibodies is a function of adaptive immunity, not innate immunity. Option D is incorrect because activating complement proteins is a separate mechanism in the immune response.
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