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This is a test that measures the oxygen saturation level in the blood, often used to assess respiratory function.
- A. Pulse oximetry
- B. Spirometry
- C. Arterial blood gas (ABG)
- D. Lung function test
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Pulse oximetry. Pulse oximetry measures oxygen saturation levels in the blood by using a non-invasive method to determine the percentage of hemoglobin carrying oxygen. This test is commonly used to assess respiratory function quickly and efficiently.
Summary of incorrect options:
B: Spirometry measures lung function by assessing airflow and volume.
C: ABG measures oxygen and carbon dioxide levels in the blood.
D: Lung function test is a broad term that can include various tests, such as spirometry and imaging studies.
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Which chronic condition is characterized by abnormally thickened heart muscle, making it harder for the heart to pump blood efficiently?
- A. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
- B. Dilated cardiomyopathy
- C. Restrictive cardiomyopathy
- D. Ventricular hypertrophy
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Rationale:
1. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is characterized by thickening of the heart muscle.
2. The thickening reduces the heart's ability to pump blood efficiently.
3. This leads to symptoms like shortness of breath, chest pain, and fatigue.
4. HCM is a genetic condition that affects the heart's structure.
5. Dilated cardiomyopathy involves the heart becoming enlarged, not thickened.
6. Restrictive cardiomyopathy refers to stiffening of the heart muscle.
7. Ventricular hypertrophy is a general term for thickening of the heart's chambers, not the muscle itself.
Summary:
A is correct as HCM matches the description provided. B, C, and D do not align with the specific characteristics of abnormally thickened heart muscle seen in HCM.
If Mrs. Jones has a temporary pacemaker and the pacemaker intermittently fails to capture or sense, increasing the output temporarily restores function. Failure to capture or sense appropriately is most often due to
- A. Prior emergency defibrillation for ventricular failure
- B. Dislodgment of pacing electrode from right ventricle
- C. Occurrence of frequent ectopic beats from right ventricle
- D. Perforation to the right ventricle by pacing electrode
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Dislodgment affects proper pacemaker function.
The nurse is caring for a client on heparin. What is the most important lab value to monitor?
- A. aPTT
- B. INR
- C. Platelet count
- D. Hemoglobin
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: aPTT. This lab value is crucial for monitoring heparin therapy as it measures the effectiveness of the medication in preventing blood clots. Monitoring aPTT helps ensure the client is within the therapeutic range to prevent bleeding or clotting complications. Incorrect choices:
B: INR is used to monitor warfarin therapy, not heparin.
C: Platelet count is important, but aPTT is more directly related to heparin therapy.
D: Hemoglobin is important for assessing anemia but not specific to monitoring heparin therapy.
What type of medication is used to relax the muscles around the airways and improve breathing in conditions like asthma and COPD?
- A. Bronchodilator
- B. Corticosteroid
- C. Mucolytic
- D. Antihistamine
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Bronchodilator. Bronchodilators are used to relax the muscles around the airways, allowing them to open up and improve breathing in conditions like asthma and COPD. They work by widening the airways, making it easier to breathe. Corticosteroids (B) reduce inflammation, mucolytics (C) help loosen mucus, and antihistamines (D) are used for allergies and not specifically for relaxing muscles in the airways. Therefore, A is the correct choice for this question.
What condition is characterized by a water hammer pulse?
- A. Aortic regurgitation
- B. Mitral valve stenosis
- C. Mitral regurgitation
- D. Aortic stenosis
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: A water-hammer pulse is characteristic of aortic regurgitation due to the sudden increase in arterial pressure followed by rapid decline.