Nokea
This is Not a Function of Insulin
- A. Decreasing glycogenolysis
- B. Lipogenesis
- C. Gluconeogenesis
- D. Glycogenesis
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Gluconeogenesis is not a function of insulin. Insulin's main role is to lower blood glucose levels by promoting glucose uptake and storage. Gluconeogenesis is the process of synthesizing glucose from non-carbohydrate sources, such as amino acids and glycerol, to increase blood glucose levels. Insulin inhibits gluconeogenesis by suppressing the enzymes involved in this process. Choices A, B, and D are all functions of insulin: A) Decreasing glycogenolysis - insulin promotes glycogen synthesis by inhibiting glycogen breakdown, B) Lipogenesis - insulin enhances the conversion of excess glucose into fatty acids for storage, and D) Glycogenesis - insulin increases the formation of glycogen from glucose for storage.
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Which of the following drugs does not pass the blood-brain barrier:
- A. Ephedrine
- B. Propranolol
- C. Clonidine
- D. Guanethidine
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Guanethidine. Guanethidine is a quaternary amine, which prevents it from passing the blood-brain barrier due to its charge. The blood-brain barrier is selective and only allows certain molecules to pass through. In contrast, choices A, B, and C (Ephedrine, Propranolol, Clonidine) are all capable of crossing the blood-brain barrier to some extent due to their chemical properties. Ephedrine is a weak base, Propranolol is lipophilic, and Clonidine is relatively small in size, allowing them to penetrate the blood-brain barrier.
The neurohypophysis or posterior lobe of the pituitary gland is not a true endocrine gland because ________.
- A. it is strictly a part of the neural system and has little or nothing to do with hormonal release
- B. embryonically it was an endocrine tissue, but in the adult human it is no longer functional
- C. it is unable to function as an endocrine tissue because it is actually part of the neural system due to its location
- D. it is only a hormone storage area that receives hormones from the hypothalamus for release
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because the neurohypophysis stores hormones produced by the hypothalamus for release into the bloodstream. The neurohypophysis does not produce its own hormones but acts as a storage and release site.
A is incorrect as the neurohypophysis does play a role in hormonal release through the release of hormones produced by the hypothalamus. B is incorrect as the neurohypophysis remains functional in adults. C is incorrect as the neurohypophysis does function as an endocrine tissue by releasing hormones into the bloodstream.
Peptide hormones _______________.
- A. are hydrophilic
- B. cannot enter the target cell
- C. bind to a receptor on the cell surface
- D. all of these
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because peptide hormones are hydrophilic molecules that cannot pass through the cell membrane, so they bind to receptors on the cell surface to initiate signaling pathways within the cell. Therefore, they are unable to enter the target cell like lipid-soluble hormones do. By binding to specific receptors on the cell surface, peptide hormones trigger a series of events that ultimately lead to a cellular response. Therefore, all of the given statements are true, making D the correct choice.
You are caring for a patient who is post-hypophysectomy for hyperpituitarism. Which post-operative finding requires immediate intervention?
- A. Presence of glucose in nasal drainage
- B. Nasal packing present in nares
- C. Urine output of 40-50 mL per hour
- D. Patient complaints of thirst
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The presence of glucose in nasal drainage after hypophysectomy may indicate a cerebrospinal fluid leak, which requires immediate medical intervention.
The action of gastrin includes all EXCEPT:
- A. stimulation of insulin secretion after a carbohydrate meal
- B. stimulation of gastric acid secretion
- C. stimulation of gastric motility
- D. contraction of gastro-oesophageal junction musculature
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A because gastrin primarily stimulates gastric acid secretion and gastric motility, not insulin secretion. Gastrin is released in response to the presence of food in the stomach, leading to increased gastric acid production and motility to aid in digestion. Insulin secretion is mainly regulated by glucose levels in the blood and hormones like insulin and glucagon. Therefore, the stimulation of insulin secretion after a carbohydrate meal is not a direct action of gastrin. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect because they accurately describe the actions of gastrin in the digestive system.