Nokea
TLR-3 detects viruses found in:
- A. Cytosol
- B. Extracellular space
- C. Endosomes
- D. All of the above
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: TLR-3 detects viruses in endosomes. When a virus enters a host cell, it is often engulfed into endosomes. TLR-3 recognizes viral RNA within endosomes and triggers an immune response. Choices A and B are incorrect because TLR-3 does not detect viruses in the cytosol or extracellular space. Choice D is incorrect because TLR-3 specifically functions in endosomes to detect viral RNA.
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Why must clients,who will undergo diagnostic skin tests,avoid taking antihistamine or cold preparations for at least 48 to 72 hours before testing?
- A. Antihistamines may increase the potential for excessive bleeding.
- B. Antihistamines may aggravate the allergic reaction.
- C. Antihistamines may increase the potential for false-negative test results.
- D. Antihistamines may cause wheezing.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Antihistamines can suppress the allergic response,leading to false-negative results in skin tests.
To produce better flu vaccines, we want:
- A. To block spreading of the infection by inducing a cytotoxic T cell response that would directly prevent viral entry into uninfected cells
- B. To induce the formation of strain-specific neutralizing antibodies that would prevent viral entry into uninfected cells
- C. To induce antibodies able to recognize HA across different strains by targeting less variable regions of HA
- D. All of the above is reasonably expected to improve the success of flu vaccines
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because all the options contribute to improving flu vaccines. A cytotoxic T cell response can help block viral spread, strain-specific neutralizing antibodies can prevent viral entry, and targeting less variable regions of HA with antibodies can improve recognition across strains. Each approach addresses different aspects of the immune response to enhance vaccine efficacy. Therefore, combining these strategies can lead to a more comprehensive and effective flu vaccine. Options A, B, and C alone are not sufficient as they only target specific aspects of the immune response, while option D encompasses a holistic approach for better vaccine success.
What are the key steps of phagocytosis?
- A. Recognition, digestion, and excretion
- B. Recognition, ingestion, and digestion
- C. Adhesion, secretion, and ingestion
- D. Activation, release, and excretion
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Recognition, ingestion, and digestion. Firstly, recognition is essential for phagocytes to identify and bind to the target. Next, ingestion involves engulfing the target into a phagosome. Finally, digestion occurs within the phagolysosome, where enzymes break down the target. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because they do not accurately represent the sequential key steps of phagocytosis.
Which of the following is a clinical feature of Grave's disease?
- A. Pulmonary fibrosis
- B. Exophthalmos and goiter
- C. Skin vasculitis
- D. Eczematous reaction
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Exophthalmos and goiter. In Grave's disease, there is an overproduction of thyroid hormones leading to hyperthyroidism. Exophthalmos (bulging eyes) and goiter (enlarged thyroid gland) are classic clinical features due to autoimmune stimulation of thyroid-stimulating hormone receptors. Pulmonary fibrosis (A) is not typically associated with Grave's disease. Skin vasculitis (C) and eczematous reaction (D) are also not commonly seen in Grave's disease.
Which of the following precautions must a nurse take while caring for clients with HIV/AIDS to reduce occupational risks?
- A. Transport specimens of body fluids in leak proof containers.
- B. Seek prescription for a fusion inhibitor to reduce risk of infection.
- C. Avoid administering IV drugs.
- D. Avoid cleaning the client’s room,especially cleaning urine,stoolor vomit.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Transporting specimens in leak-proof containers minimizes the risk of exposure to infectious body fluids.