Nokea
To which extent is gangrene caused by macrovascular disease more common in patients with diabetes than in patients without diabetes?
- A. 2x more common
- B. 10x more common
- C. 20x more common
- D. 100x more common
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Diabetes amps gangrene 10x via vessel rot, not mild or wild jumps. Nurses dread this, a chronic limb thief.
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A client is receiving interleukins along with chemotherapy. What assessment by the nurse takes priority?
- A. Blood pressure
- B. Lung assessment
- C. Oral mucous membranes
- D. Skin integrity
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Interleukins, a type of biologic response modifier used with chemotherapy, can cause capillary leak syndrome, where fluid shifts from blood vessels into tissues, leading to hypotension and edema. This makes blood pressure the priority assessment, as a drop could indicate intravascular depletion, risking shock or organ failure if undetected. Lung assessment is relevant for potential pulmonary edema, but hypotension precedes respiratory distress in this context. Oral mucous membranes and skin integrity matter for chemotherapy's broader effects (e.g., mucositis, rashes), but these are less urgent than hemodynamic stability. Monitoring blood pressure first ensures early detection of a life-threatening complication, aligning with nursing's focus on airway, breathing, and circulation principles, critical in managing interleukin therapy's systemic impact.
A 36 year old woman visits her family doctor requesting blood test to check her cholesterol. She has family history of premature coronary heart disease. Physical examinations are unremarkable. Lipid profile is done and shows it the following results: Total cholesterol 5.8 mmol/L, HDL-cholesterol 1.1 mmol/L, LDL-cholesterol 3.6 mmol/L, Triglyceride 2.4 mmol/L. What is the MOST likely diagnosis?
- A. Familial hyperlipidemia
- B. Mixed hyperlipidemia
- C. Hypercholesterolaemia
- D. Familial combined hyperlipidemia
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Cholesterol 5.8, LDL 3.6, triglycerides 2.4 both up, HDL lowish screams mixed hyperlipidemia, not lone cholesterol or triglyceride spikes. Family heart history hints genetics, but numbers don't pin familial types yet. Nurses flag this chronic dual lipid mess, tied to early coronary risk.
A patient diagnosed with moderate COPD would have a FEV1 of which percentage of their predicted range?
- A. 40%
- B. <80%
- C. 60-79%
- D. 40-59%
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Moderate COPD's FEV1 lands 40-59% predicted airflow's pinched, not trashed, fitting GOLD staging, a middle ground of huff and puff. Over 40's too broad; under 80's loose; 60-79's mild. Nurses clock this, tuning chronic care's pace.
The hospice nurse has just admitted a new patient to the program. What principle guides hospice care?
- A. Care addresses the needs of the patient as well as the needs of the family
- B. Care is focused on the patient centrally and the family peripherally
- C. The focus of all aspects of care is solely on the patient
- D. The care team prioritizes the patient's physical needs and the family is responsible for the patient's emotional needs
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Hospice wraps the patient and family in care physical, emotional, spiritual for both, not just one. It's not patient-only or peripheral family focus; it's a unit. Splitting physical and emotional duties misses the holistic vibe. Nurses in oncology's endgame lean on this, ensuring comfort and support ripple out, easing the load for all as death nears.
Which organism can not be detected by antigen testing of CSF, serum or urine?
- A. cryptococcus neoformans
- B. TB
- C. Ecoli
- D. Hemophilus
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: TB hides from antigen tests slow grower, no quick CSF, serum, or urine markers like cryptococcus' capsular catch, E. coli's bits, Haemophilus' caps, or Group B strep's flags. Nurses lean on culture or PCR here, a chronic stealth bug dodging rapid nets.