Transmission across a synapse is achieved mainly by a________ .
- A. ionic bonding
- B. diffusion of neurotransmitter across the cleft
- C. physical contact of axon to dendrite allowing the nerve impulse to continue onward
- D. diffusion of sodium ions across the cleft
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Transmission across a synapse is primarily achieved by the diffusion of neurotransmitter molecules across the synaptic cleft. When an action potential reaches the axon terminal, it triggers the release of neurotransmitters, which diffuse across the cleft and bind to receptors on the postsynaptic neuron. This chemical signaling allows for precise and regulated communication between neurons.
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Pons, cerebellum and medulla are part of which brain?
- A. Forebrain
- B. Midbrain
- C. Hindbrain
- D. None of the above
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Hindbrain is the correct answer because it consists of the pons, cerebellum, and medulla oblongata. These structures are responsible for coordinating movement, balance, and vital autonomic functions such as breathing and heart rate.
When taking Mr. Sands' health history, which question would be especially important to ask?
- A. Do you have any back pain or flank tenderness?
- B. Does cold affect your hands in any way?
- C. Do you have any difficulty chewing or swallowing?
- D. Do you have any joint tenderness or stiffness?
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Difficulty chewing or swallowing is a key symptom of reflux esophagitis.
The presence of dysphagia suggests damage to cranial nerves:
- A. V-VII
- B. IX-X
- C. VII-XI
- D. III-VI
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Cranial nerves IX (glossopharyngeal) and X (vagus) are the correct answers because they are involved in the motor and sensory functions of the pharynx and larynx, which are essential for swallowing. Damage to these nerves disrupts the coordinated movements required for swallowing, leading to dysphagia.
Mr. Jay is receiving levodopa (L-dopa) to control symptoms of Parkinson disease. Which of the following indicates that he is taking his medication properly?
- A. Anorexia, nausea, and vomiting
- B. Transient hypertension
- C. Constipation
- D. Rapid reduction of rigidity
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Levodopa effectively reduces rigidity when taken correctly.
The health care provider has ordered IV dopamine (Intropin) for a patient in the emergency department with a spinal cord injury. The nurse determines that the drug is having the desired effect when what is observed in patient assessment?
- A. Heart rate of 68 bpm
- B. Respiratory rate of 24
- C. Blood pressure of 106/82 mm Hg
- D. Temperature of 96.8°F (36.0°C)
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Improved blood pressure indicates effective treatment.