Nokea
Tularemia is caused by
- A. Francisella tularensis
- B. Bordetella pertussis
- C. Brucella suis
- D. Legionella sp.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Step-by-step rationale:
1. Tularemia is caused by Francisella tularensis, a highly infectious bacterium.
2. Francisella tularensis is the only pathogen specifically known to cause tularemia.
3. The other choices (Bordetella pertussis, Brucella suis, Legionella sp.) are not associated with tularemia.
4. Therefore, the correct answer is A - Francisella tularensis.
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Bacteria associated with hospital-acquired infections:
- A. Streptococcus pneumoniae
- B. Pseudomonas aeruginosa
- C. Vibrio cholerae
- D. None of the above
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Pseudomonas aeruginosa. This bacterium is commonly associated with hospital-acquired infections due to its ability to survive in hospital environments, resist antibiotics, and infect immunocompromised patients. Streptococcus pneumoniae (choice A) is more commonly associated with community-acquired pneumonia. Vibrio cholerae (choice C) causes cholera, a waterborne disease, and is not typically associated with hospital-acquired infections. Choice D is incorrect because Pseudomonas aeruginosa is indeed associated with hospital-acquired infections.
Which of the following bacteria is commonly associated with food poisoning?
- A. Salmonella enterica
- B. Clostridium botulinum
- C. Escherichia coli
- D. All of the above
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: All of the above. Salmonella enterica, Clostridium botulinum, and Escherichia coli are all commonly associated with food poisoning. Salmonella causes symptoms like diarrhea, vomiting, and abdominal cramps. Clostridium botulinum produces a toxin that leads to symptoms like muscle weakness and paralysis. Escherichia coli can cause symptoms like severe stomach cramps, diarrhea (often bloody), and vomiting. Therefore, all three bacteria are known to cause food poisoning. The other choices are incorrect because each of the bacteria listed is associated with food poisoning.
The sepsis is:
- A. Presence of bacteria in the blood
- B. Bacteremia, accompanied with chemical and laboratory data for systemic information
- C. Massive proliferation of toxins in the blood with organ failure
- D. All of the above
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D. Sepsis is a systemic response to infection resulting in organ dysfunction.
A: Sepsis can be caused by bacterial infection, but it is not solely defined by the presence of bacteria in the blood.
B: Bacteremia is the presence of bacteria in the blood, which can be a component of sepsis, but sepsis involves a broader systemic response beyond just bacteremia.
C: Sepsis can lead to the release of toxins and organ failure, but sepsis itself is not defined solely by the massive proliferation of toxins.
Therefore, the correct answer is D, as sepsis can involve the presence of bacteria, bacteremia, systemic manifestations, and organ failure.
A sample stained using Romanovsky-Giemsa method revealed crescent-shaped protozoa with pointed ends and blue cytoplasm. What is the causative agent?
- A. Toxoplasma
- B. Plasmodium
- C. Leishmania
- D. Trypanosoma
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Toxoplasma. The crescent-shaped protozoa with pointed ends and blue cytoplasm described in the question are characteristic of Toxoplasma gondii, the causative agent of toxoplasmosis. Toxoplasma staining with Romanovsky-Giemsa method typically shows these specific morphological features. Plasmodium causes malaria and does not exhibit the described morphology. Leishmania and Trypanosoma are both kinetoplastid parasites, but they do not typically present as crescent-shaped protozoa with blue cytoplasm. Therefore, based on the specific characteristics described in the question, the correct answer is Toxoplasma.
Which of the following drugs is not used to treat influenza?
- A. Acyclovir
- B. Tamiflu
- C. Amantadine
- D. Relenza
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Acyclovir is the correct answer because it is an antiviral drug used to treat herpes simplex and varicella-zoster viruses, not influenza. Tamiflu, Amantadine, and Relenza are used to treat influenza by inhibiting viral replication or easing symptoms. Acyclovir's mechanism of action targets different viruses, making it ineffective for treating influenza.