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Using the TNM staging classification system, the nurse will interpret a tumor staged as T4N3M2 in which way?
- A. No evidence of primary tumor, lymph node involvement, or distant metastasis
- B. Carcinoma in situ, regional lymph node involvement, and metastasis to one site
- C. Enlarging tumor, increasing lymph node involvement, and distant metastasis
- D. Enlarging tumor, no lymph node involvement, or distant metastasis
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: TNM cancer staging classification system T4N3M2 means progressive increase in tumor size and involvement, increasing involvement of regional lymph nodes, and distant metastasis present.
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The American Cancer Society recommends beginning annual mammography from ages ___ to ___
Correct Answer: 45-54
Rationale: Women between the ages of 45-54 should have annual mammography from ages 45-54, with an option to begin at age 40.
A patient receiving external radiation treatments should be given which recommendation to protect the patient?s skin?
- A. Applying warm compresses to damaged skin
- B. Encouraging patient to apply fragrant lotion to skin
- C. Patting the skin dry after the bath
- D. Exposing skin to sun for 10 minutes a day
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Patting the skin dry rather than rubbing is less damaging to the skin. Lotions, sun exposure, and applications of heat or cold are not beneficial.
The nurse knows which description is characteristic of malignant tumors?
- A. Smooth, well defined; movable when palpated
- B. Resembles parent tissue; rarely fatal
- C. Rate of growth varies; rarely contained within a capsule
- D. Remains localized; slow growth
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Malignant tumors are rarely contained within a capsule and their rate of growth varies; little resemblance to parent tissue; fatal without treatment; irregular and immobile when palpated.
Which person will the nurse instruct to avoid visiting a patient being treated with internal radiation therapy?
- A. A 78 year old using a walker
- B. An 18-year-old woman
- C. A woman pregnant in the third trimester
- D. A 24-year-old nursing mother
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Persons under the age of 18 and persons who are pregnant should not be allowed to visit a patient with internal radiation.
How do cancer cells differ from normal cells?
- A. They replicate in an organized manner.
- B. Their cellular arrangement is abnormal.
- C. They have an irregular shape.
- D. They have abnormal chromosomes.
- E. They have a different mitosis process.
Correct Answer: B,C,D,E
Rationale: Cancer cells are disorderly in replication, have larger nuclei, an irregular shape, a different number of chromosomes, and a different process of mitosis.