Nokea
Variola virus of the orthopoxvirus family causes the acute, highly contagious disease:
- A. smallpox
- B. jock itch
- C. ringworm
- D. shingles
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: I'm sorry, but there seems to be a mistake in the question provided. The correct answer should be A: smallpox. Variola virus indeed causes smallpox, not jock itch. Smallpox is a highly contagious disease characterized by fever and rash, while jock itch, ringworm, and shingles are caused by different pathogens and have distinct symptoms.
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A patient ill with amebiasis was prescribed a certain drug. The use of alcohol together with this drug is contraindicated because the drug inhibits metabolism of ethyl alcohol. What drug is it?
- A. Metronidazole
- B. Reserpine
- C. Clonidine
- D. Diazepam
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Rationale:
1. Metronidazole is known to inhibit aldehyde dehydrogenase, an enzyme involved in alcohol metabolism.
2. Inhibition of this enzyme leads to accumulation of acetaldehyde, causing unpleasant symptoms when alcohol is consumed.
3. This reaction is known as the disulfiram-like reaction.
4. Reserpine, Clonidine, and Diazepam do not have this specific mechanism of action.
Summary:
- Option A (Metronidazole) is correct due to its inhibition of alcohol metabolism.
- Options B, C, and D are incorrect as they do not exhibit this interaction with alcohol metabolism.
Which are the most suitable materials for isolation of polio viruses
- A. feces, duodenal and bile content
- B. blood, sputum and urine
- C. only feces
- D. feces, nasopharyngeal swabs and cerebrospinal fluid
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because polio viruses are primarily found in the gastrointestinal tract and respiratory secretions. Feces, nasopharyngeal swabs, and cerebrospinal fluid are the most suitable materials for isolating polio viruses due to their presence in these body fluids. Feces contain the virus shed from the intestines, nasopharyngeal swabs collect respiratory secretions where the virus may be present, and cerebrospinal fluid is important for detecting the virus in cases of neurological complications. Choices A and B include irrelevant body fluids that are not typically associated with polio virus transmission. Option C is too limited as the virus can also be present in respiratory secretions and cerebrospinal fluid, not just feces.
A wound smear revealed Gram-negative rods producing blue-green pigment. The bacteria had a fruity odor. What is the causative agent?
- A. Pseudomonas aeruginosa
- B. Escherichia coli
- C. Klebsiella pneumoniae
- D. Proteus mirabilis
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Pseudomonas aeruginosa is known to produce a blue-green pigment called pyocyanin, which is characteristic of the organism. Additionally, it has a distinct fruity odor due to the production of certain volatile compounds. Escherichia coli (B) does not produce blue-green pigment or have a fruity odor. Klebsiella pneumoniae (C) and Proteus mirabilis (D) also do not exhibit these specific characteristics associated with Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
Clinical symptom, typical for erythema infectiosum is:
- A. Swelling of salivary glands
- B. Diarrhea
- C. Hepatitis
- D. Exanthematous rash
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Exanthematous rash. Erythema infectiosum, also known as fifth disease, is characterized by a distinctive rash on the cheeks that looks like a "slapped cheek." This rash then spreads to the rest of the body, resulting in a lace-like rash (exanthem). Swelling of salivary glands (choice A) is not a typical symptom of erythema infectiosum. Diarrhea (choice B) and hepatitis (choice C) are also not associated with this condition. Therefore, the most characteristic clinical symptom of erythema infectiosum is the exanthematous rash.
Toxicity of disinfectant against microbial cells:
- A. Is very weak
- B. Is very selective
- C. Is not selective
- D. Is temporary and more often reversible
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C because disinfectants are non-selective and can harm a wide range of microbial cells. Disinfectants work by disrupting cell membranes, proteins, and nucleic acids, affecting both harmful and beneficial microorganisms. Choices A and B are incorrect because disinfectants are designed to be potent and non-selective. Choice D is incorrect because the effects of disinfectants are often permanent and irreversible on microbial cells.