Nokea
Ventral [lower] surface of hard palate is covered by:
- A. Pseudo stratifies columnar epith.
- B. Stratified squamous keratinized (parakeratinized).
- C. Stratified squamous non keratinized.
- D. Transitional epith.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The ventral surface of the hard palate is covered by stratified squamous epithelium that is keratinized (often parakeratinized) to withstand mechanical stress from food. Pseudostratified columnar epithelium is found in respiratory regions, not here.
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Bilirubin and biliverdin are formed in-
- A. Kidney
- B. Liver
- C. Salivary glands
- D. Stomach
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Bilirubin and biliverdin are bile pigments formed in the liver from hemoglobin breakdown.
A client who has not been allowed to eat for several days is ordered to begin a full liquid diet. The nurse can encourage the client to begin eating using which of the following statements?
- A. Your stomach can expand as you eat'
- B. Your stomach has permanently shrunk'
- C. You don't need to eat yet'
- D. Liquids won't help your stomach'
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The stomach's rugae allow it to expand with food intake, countering the client's concern.
A 40-year-old patient presents with frequent episodes of heartburn, regurgitation, and a sour taste in the mouth after meals. Symptoms are worse when lying down or bending over. Which of the following conditions is the most likely cause of these symptoms?
- A. Gastric ulcer
- B. Hiatal hernia
- C. Pancreatitis
- D. Peptic esophagitis
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Hiatal hernia allows acid reflux into the esophagus, worsened by lying down or bending, causing heartburn and regurgitation.
Which process matches the definition: The uptake of substances by the GI tract?
- A. Absorption
- B. Ingestion
- C. Peristalsis
- D. Assimilation
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Absorption is the process by which nutrients are taken up from the GI tract into the bloodstream.
How many nephrons are found in each kidney?
- A. approximately one hundred
- B. approximately one thousand
- C. approximately one million
- D. approximately ten million
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Each kidney contains about one million nephrons, the functional units for filtration.