Immune System Disorders Quizlet

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Virulence factors can be transferred from pathogenic to non-pathogenic bacterial strains that are part of the normal flora. An example of a commensal bacterial species that has turned into a pathogenic strain is:

  • A. E. coli 0157:H7
  • B. M. tuberculosis
  • C. Group A S. pyogenes
  • D. All opportunistic bacterial species
Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: E. coli 0157:H7. This strain of E. coli has acquired virulence factors that allow it to cause severe illness in humans, such as bloody diarrhea and kidney failure. The transformation of E. coli from a commensal to a pathogenic strain is well-documented. In contrast, choices B and C involve species that are inherently pathogenic and not commensal. Choice D is too broad and includes a wide range of bacterial species that do not necessarily originate from the normal flora. Therefore, E. coli 0157:H7 is the best example of a commensal bacterium that has turned pathogenic due to the acquisition of virulence factors.

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Which of the following statements is false about dendritic cells

  • A. Found in tissues
  • B. Are sessile cells only found in lymph nodes
  • C. Express high levels of MHC molecules
  • D. Best at activating naïve T cells
Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B because dendritic cells are not only found in lymph nodes but also in tissues. These cells are antigen-presenting cells that capture and present antigens to T cells. A, C, and D are true statements about dendritic cells: A) They are found in tissues, C) They express high levels of MHC molecules for antigen presentation, and D) They are best at activating naive T cells due to their ability to prime adaptive immune responses.

The reason for using Taq polymerase for PCR is that

  • A. it has regions that are complementary to primers.
  • B. only minute amounts are needed for each cycle of PCR
  • C. it binds more readily than other polymerases to primer.
  • D. it is heat stable and can withstand the temperature changes of the cycler.
Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D because Taq polymerase is heat-stable, allowing it to withstand the high temperatures used in PCR cycles without denaturing. This heat stability is crucial for the repeated heating and cooling cycles in PCR. Choice A is incorrect because Taq polymerase does not need to be complementary to primers. Choice B is incorrect because the amount needed is not the main reason for using Taq polymerase. Choice C is incorrect because binding affinity to primers is not the primary reason for using Taq polymerase.

The nurse is caring for a patient with an infection. Which immunoglobulin should the nurse understand is produced first when an infection occurs?

  • A. IgD
  • B. IgE
  • C. IgG
  • D. IgM
Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Step-by-step rationale for why IgM is the correct answer:
1. IgM is the first immunoglobulin produced in response to an infection.
2. It is the largest immunoglobulin and is effective in agglutinating pathogens.
3. IgM activates the complement system to enhance immune response.
4. IgG is produced later in the immune response and provides long-term immunity.
5. IgD and IgE have specific roles but are not the initial immunoglobulins produced in response to infection.

What is an example of an IV solution that would be appropriate to treat an extracellular fluid volume deficit?

  • A. D5W
  • B. 3% saline
  • C. Lactated Ringer’s solution
  • D. D5W in ½ normal saline (0.45%)
Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Lactated Ringer’s solution replenishes extracellular fluids and electrolytes effectively.

Which of the following is the main reason why older clients with AIDS need more care than their younger counterparts?

  • A. Because older clients lack in balanced diet and activity
  • B. Because older clients lack knowledge about disorders
  • C. Because older clients have a faster progression of disease
  • D. Because older clients do not generally adhere to a therapy
Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Older clients with AIDS often experience a faster progression of the disease due to age-related declines in immune function.

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