Nokea
Warts are commonly caused by the:
- A. human papillomavirus
- B. herpesvirus
- C. HIV
- D. varicella-zoster virus
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Step-by-step rationale:
1. Warts are caused by human papillomavirus (HPV) due to its ability to infect the skin.
2. HPV infects the top layer of skin and causes the rapid growth of cells, leading to the formation of warts.
3. Herpesvirus (choice B) causes herpes, not warts.
4. HIV (choice C) weakens the immune system but does not directly cause warts.
5. Varicella-zoster virus (choice D) causes chickenpox and shingles, not warts.
Summary:
Choice A is correct as warts are primarily caused by HPV, which infects the skin cells. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect as they are associated with different viral infections that do not lead to the development of warts.
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The First-line tuberculosis drugs include:
- A. Isoniazid and rifampicin
- B. Penicillin and erythromycin
- C. Trimethoprim and third generation cephalosporins
- D. All the listed above can be used depending on their resistance profile
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Isoniazid and rifampicin. These drugs are considered first-line treatment for tuberculosis due to their high efficacy and low toxicity. Isoniazid targets the cell wall of the tuberculosis bacteria, while rifampicin inhibits RNA synthesis. They are recommended by WHO as the first choice for treating tuberculosis.
Choice B (Penicillin and erythromycin) is incorrect because these antibiotics are not effective against tuberculosis bacteria.
Choice C (Trimethoprim and third generation cephalosporins) is incorrect because they are not considered first-line drugs for tuberculosis treatment.
Choice D (All the listed above can be used depending on their resistance profile) is incorrect because only isoniazid and rifampicin are universally recognized as first-line drugs for tuberculosis regardless of resistance profile.
Which of the following bacteria is a common cause of pneumonia?
- A. Streptococcus pneumoniae
- B. Mycobacterium tuberculosis
- C. Pseudomonas aeruginosa
- D. All of the above
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: All of the above.
- Streptococcus pneumoniae is a common cause of community-acquired pneumonia.
- Mycobacterium tuberculosis can cause pulmonary tuberculosis, which can present as pneumonia-like symptoms.
- Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an opportunistic pathogen that can cause pneumonia in immunocompromised individuals.
Therefore, all three bacteria can cause pneumonia, making option D the correct choice. Options A, B, and C are incorrect because they each represent a bacterium that can cause pneumonia, so only selecting one of them would not encompass all common causes of pneumonia.
The Baltimore classification system places viruses into __________ groups.
- A. four
- B. five
- C. seven
- D. nine
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The Baltimore classification system categorizes viruses based on their genome type and replication strategy. It divides viruses into seven groups: Group I (dsDNA), Group II (ssDNA), Group III (dsRNA), Group IV (ssRNA(+)), Group V (ssRNA(-)), Group VI (ssRNA-RT), and Group VII (dsDNA-RT). Each group represents a distinct viral genome and replication method. Therefore, the correct answer is C. The other choices are incorrect because the Baltimore classification system specifically identifies viruses into seven groups, not four, five, or nine.
Bacteria causing bacillary dysentery can be isolated from the patient's blood:
- A. There is no bacteremia
- B. During the second week of illness
- C. During the first week of illness
- D. None of the above
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Rationale:
1. Bacillary dysentery primarily affects the intestinal tract, not the bloodstream.
2. Bacteremia is rare in bacillary dysentery, as the infection is localized.
3. Isolating bacteria from the blood is not a typical diagnostic feature.
4. Therefore, the correct answer is A.
Summary:
Bacteria causing bacillary dysentery are not typically isolated from the patient's blood due to the localized nature of the infection. Choices B and C are incorrect as they suggest specific timeframes, which are not relevant to bacteremia in this context. Choice D is incorrect as bacteremia is not associated with bacillary dysentery.
Which bacteria produce the diphtheria toxin?
- A. Corynebacterium diphtheriae
- B. Bacillus anthracis
- C. Clostridium tetani
- D. Listeria monocytogenes
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Corynebacterium diphtheriae. This bacterium produces the diphtheria toxin, which is responsible for causing diphtheria. The other choices, B, C, and D, are incorrect because Bacillus anthracis produces anthrax toxins, Clostridium tetani produces tetanus toxin, and Listeria monocytogenes does not produce the diphtheria toxin. Understanding the specific bacteria-toxin associations is crucial in correctly identifying the pathogen responsible for a particular disease.