Nokea
What are actinomycotic granules:
- A. a form of actinomycosis
- B. additional outer membrane of some actinomycetes
- C. colonies of actinomycetes located in purulent secretions
- D. intracellular inclusions in some actinomycetes
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Step 1: Actinomycotic granules are colonies of actinomycetes located in purulent secretions.
Step 2: Actinomycosis is a disease caused by actinomycetes forming these granules.
Step 3: Actinomycotic granules are typically found in tissue exudates or pus.
Step 4: Therefore, choice C is correct as it accurately describes actinomycotic granules.
Summary:
Choice A is incorrect because actinomycotic granules are not a form of actinomycosis itself, but a characteristic of the disease. Choice B is incorrect as actinomycotic granules are not an additional outer membrane but rather colonies of actinomycetes. Choice D is incorrect as actinomycotic granules are not intracellular inclusions but extracellular colonies found in purulent secretions.
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Which of the following bacteria can cause urinary tract infections (UTIs)?
- A. Escherichia coli
- B. Salmonella enterica
- C. Pseudomonas aeruginosa
- D. All of the above
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: All of the above. Escherichia coli, Salmonella enterica, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa are all known to cause urinary tract infections (UTIs) in humans. E. coli is the most common cause of UTIs, accounting for about 80-85% of cases. S. enterica and P. aeruginosa are less common but can still infect the urinary tract under certain circumstances. Therefore, all three bacteria can potentially cause UTIs, making option D the correct choice. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect because they do not cover the full range of bacteria known to cause UTIs.
Which of the following bacterial structures has endotoxic activity?
- A. Lipopolysaccharides
- B. Lipoproteins of Braun
- C. Protein A
- D. None
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Lipopolysaccharides. Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) are major components of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria and are known to have endotoxic activity. LPS can trigger a strong immune response leading to inflammation and septic shock.
Choice B, Lipoproteins of Braun, are not known to have endotoxic activity. Choice C, Protein A, is a surface protein found in Staphylococcus aureus and is not associated with endotoxic activity. Choice D, None, is incorrect as LPS is indeed a bacterial structure with endotoxic activity.
Infections of the CNS can be caused by:
- A. Clostridium botulinum
- B. Morbillivirus morbillorum
- C. Clostridium tetani
- D. All are correct
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because all three choices, Clostridium botulinum, Morbillivirus morbillorum, and Clostridium tetani, can cause infections of the CNS. Clostridium botulinum can lead to botulism, affecting the nervous system. Morbillivirus morbillorum can cause measles, which can lead to encephalitis. Clostridium tetani can cause tetanus, affecting the central nervous system. Therefore, all three choices can cause infections of the CNS. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect individually because each pathogen can cause CNS infections.
What is the function of bacterial ribosomes?
- A. DNA replication
- B. Protein synthesis
- C. Energy production
- D. Cell division
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Protein synthesis. Bacterial ribosomes are responsible for translating the genetic information from mRNA into proteins. This process involves the binding of transfer RNA molecules carrying amino acids to the ribosome and the formation of peptide bonds between the amino acids to create proteins. DNA replication (A) is carried out by DNA polymerase enzymes, not ribosomes. Energy production (C) is primarily the function of mitochondria in eukaryotic cells, and cell division (D) is regulated by a complex network of proteins and signaling pathways, not ribosomes.
Bacterial replication is accomplished primarily by:
- A. mitosis
- B. meiosis
- C. cytokinesis
- D. binary fission
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Binary fission is the correct answer for bacterial replication because it is the process by which bacteria divide into two identical daughter cells. During binary fission, the bacterial cell replicates its DNA, forms a septum dividing the cell into two, and eventually splits into two daughter cells. This process is specific to prokaryotic cells such as bacteria and is different from mitosis and meiosis, which are processes specific to eukaryotic cells. Cytokinesis is the final step of cell division in both eukaryotes and prokaryotes, but it is not the primary mechanism of bacterial replication.