microbiology a systems approach test bank

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The specific prevention (by vaccination) of the disease gas gangrene (caused by Clostridium perfringens) is based on:

  • A. Killed whole cell vaccine
  • B. Anatoxin
  • C. There is no specific prevention by vaccination
  • D. Alive attenuated vaccine
Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Anatoxin. An anatoxin is a toxin that has been rendered harmless while retaining its ability to stimulate an immune response. Gas gangrene is caused by the toxins produced by Clostridium perfringens, not the bacteria itself. Therefore, vaccination with an anatoxin can trigger the immune system to produce antibodies against the toxin, providing immunity against the disease.

A: Killed whole cell vaccine - Gas gangrene is caused by toxins, not the whole bacterium. This type of vaccine may not be effective in preventing the disease.
C: There is no specific prevention by vaccination - This is incorrect, as vaccination with an anatoxin can prevent gas gangrene.
D: Alive attenuated vaccine - Attenuated vaccines contain live, weakened forms of the pathogen. However, for gas gangrene prevention, targeting the specific toxin with an anatoxin vaccine is more appropriate.

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Natural reservoirs of legionellae are:

  • A. Water, soil, mud
  • B. Only infected humans
  • C. Infected animals and humans
  • D. None of the above
Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A because Legionellae are typically found in natural water sources such as lakes, rivers, and soil. Legionellae thrive in aquatic environments and can also be present in mud. Choice B is incorrect as Legionellae are not limited to infected humans but are also found in the natural environment. Choice C is incorrect as Legionellae are not primarily associated with infected animals. Choice D is incorrect as Legionellae do have natural reservoirs in water and soil.

Cause of genital warts is:

  • A. Human papillomavirus
  • B. Human immunodeficiency virus
  • C. Herpes simplex virus 2
  • D. Human cytomegalovirus
Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Human papillomavirus. Genital warts are caused by certain strains of HPV, specifically types 6 and 11. HPV is a sexually transmitted infection that affects the skin and mucous membranes. HPV is directly linked to the development of genital warts through skin-to-skin contact during sexual activity. Herpes simplex virus 2 causes genital herpes, not genital warts. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) weakens the immune system but does not directly cause genital warts. Human cytomegalovirus (CMV) is not a common cause of genital warts. Therefore, HPV is the correct and most logical choice for the cause of genital warts.

Which of the following bacteria is known for causing the disease known as leprosy?

  • A. Mycobacterium leprae
  • B. Clostridium perfringens
  • C. Streptococcus pneumoniae
  • D. Neisseria gonorrhoeae
Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Step-by-step rationale:
1. Mycobacterium leprae is the correct answer as it is the bacteria known to cause leprosy.
2. Clostridium perfringens is incorrect as it is associated with gas gangrene.
3. Streptococcus pneumoniae is incorrect as it is commonly linked to pneumonia and meningitis.
4. Neisseria gonorrhoeae is incorrect as it causes gonorrhea, a sexually transmitted infection.

In summary, Mycobacterium leprae is the only bacteria among the choices specifically known to cause leprosy, making it the correct answer.

The branch of pharmacology that addresses drug amounts at various sites in the body after drug administration is called:

  • A. pharmacodynamics
  • B. pharmacokinetics
  • C. pharmacotherapeutics
  • D. pharmacy
Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: pharmacokinetics. Pharmacokinetics is the study of drug movement in the body, including absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion. It focuses on how the body processes a drug over time. Pharmacodynamics (A) is the study of the effects drugs have on the body. Pharmacotherapeutics (C) involves using drugs to treat diseases. Pharmacy (D) is the practice of preparing and dispensing medications. Pharmacokinetics specifically deals with drug concentrations at different body sites after administration, making it the most appropriate choice for this question.

Family Retroviridae

  • A. are helical enveloped viruses
  • B. Their capsid consists of two copies o ssRNA (-)
  • C. are helical, non-enveloped viruses
  • D. are with complex type of symmetry
Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B because retroviruses, including those in the Family Retroviridae, have a capsid consisting of two copies of single-stranded RNA (ssRNA). This is a defining characteristic of retroviruses, which use reverse transcriptase to convert their ssRNA into DNA. This DNA is then integrated into the host cell's genome. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because Family Retroviridae viruses are not helical non-enveloped viruses (C), they are not helical enveloped viruses (A), and they do not have a complex type of symmetry (D).

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