Which of the following bacteria is associated with causing bacterial meningitis?
- A. Neisseria meningitidis
- B. Haemophilus influenzae
- C. Streptococcus pneumoniae
- D. All of the above
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: All of the above. Neisseria meningitidis, Haemophilus influenzae, and Streptococcus pneumoniae are all bacteria associated with causing bacterial meningitis. Neisseria meningitidis commonly causes meningococcal meningitis, Haemophilus influenzae can cause H. influenzae type b meningitis, and Streptococcus pneumoniae is a common cause of pneumococcal meningitis. Therefore, all three bacteria are known to be causative agents of bacterial meningitis. The other choices are incorrect as they do not encompass all the bacteria associated with causing bacterial meningitis.
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Study of bacteriological sputum specimens stained by the Ziel-Neelsen method revealed some bright-red acid-resistant bacilli that were found in groups or singularly. When inoculated onto the nutrient media, the signs of their growth show up on the 10-15 day. These bacteria relate to the following family:
- A. Micobacterium tuberculosis
- B. Yersinia pseudotuberculosis
- C. Histoplasma dubrosii
- D. Klebsiella rhinoscleromatis
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
1. Bright-red acid-resistant bacilli indicate the presence of mycolic acids in the cell wall, characteristic of Mycobacterium species.
2. Found in groups or singularly suggests the clumping nature of acid-fast bacilli.
3. Growth appearing after 10-15 days on nutrient media is consistent with the slow growth rate of Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
4. Yersinia pseudotuberculosis (B) and Klebsiella rhinoscleromatis (D) are not acid-fast bacilli and do not match the growth characteristics described.
5. Histoplasma dubrosii (C) is a fungus, not a bacterium, and does not exhibit acid-fast staining or the described growth pattern.
Cholera is a serious gastrointestinal illness caused by bacteria of the genus:
- A. Escherichia
- B. Salmonella
- C. Vibrio
- D. Acinetobacter
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Vibrio. Cholera is caused by Vibrio cholerae bacteria. These bacteria produce a toxin that causes severe diarrhea and dehydration. Escherichia (choice A) and Salmonella (choice B) are known for causing other types of gastrointestinal infections but not cholera. Acinetobacter (choice D) typically causes respiratory infections, not gastrointestinal illnesses like cholera. Therefore, the correct choice is Vibrio as it is specifically associated with cholera.
Group II category diseases as established by the NIAID include:
- A. new foodborne pathogens
- B. diseases considered eradicated
- C. diseases used specifically as bioterrorism agents
- D. reemerging diseases
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: reemerging diseases. Group II category diseases by the NIAID are those that have reemerged or have the potential to reemerge. This classification helps prioritize research and resources. Choice A is incorrect because new foodborne pathogens fall under different categories. Choice B is incorrect as eradicated diseases are not part of the reemerging group. Choice C is incorrect because bioterrorism agents are classified separately. Therefore, the correct answer is D as it aligns with the purpose of Group II category diseases.
The effect of which of the following toxins DOES NOT MANIFEST with neurological symptoms:
- A. Tetanospasmin
- B. Diphtheria exotoxin
- C. Botulinum exotoxin
- D. Pertussis exotoxin
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Certainly! The correct answer is D: Pertussis exotoxin. Pertussis toxin primarily affects the respiratory system causing whooping cough. It does not directly target the nervous system like the other toxins listed. Tetanospasmin causes muscle spasms, Diphtheria exotoxin affects the heart and nerves, and Botulinum exotoxin causes paralysis by blocking neurotransmitter release. Therefore, Pertussis exotoxin is the only toxin among the options that does not manifest with neurological symptoms.
Which of the following is true regarding gonorrhea symptoms in men?
- A. Testicular pain and epididymal tenderness are often present
- B. Painful urination is always present
- C. 10% of the infected men have no symptoms
- D. Purulent discharge from the urethra is always present
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: 10% of the infected men have no symptoms. This is true because gonorrhea can be asymptomatic in some individuals, leading to undiagnosed cases. Testicular pain and epididymal tenderness (choice A) are not typical symptoms of gonorrhea in men. Painful urination (choice B) may or may not be present. Purulent discharge (choice D) is a common symptom but not always present. Therefore, choice C is the most accurate statement regarding gonorrhea symptoms in men.