Nokea
Which of the following microorganisms require a moist environment to survive and most often live in ponds, streams, lakes, and oceans?
- A. Mycorrhizae
- B. Armillaria gallica
- C. Blastospores
- D. Blastospores
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Blastospores. Blastospores are a type of fungal spore that requires a moist environment to survive. They are commonly found in water bodies like ponds, streams, lakes, and oceans. Mycorrhizae (A) are symbiotic associations between fungi and plant roots, not solely dependent on a moist environment. Armillaria gallica (B) is a type of fungus that can survive in various environmental conditions, not specifically reliant on a moist environment. Choice C is a duplicate of Blastospores, making it incorrect.
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Cholera is a serious gastrointestinal illness caused by bacteria of the genus:
- A. Escherichia
- B. Salmonella
- C. Vibrio
- D. Acinetobacter
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Vibrio. Cholera is caused by Vibrio cholerae bacteria. These bacteria produce a toxin that causes severe diarrhea and dehydration. Escherichia (choice A) and Salmonella (choice B) are known for causing other types of gastrointestinal infections but not cholera. Acinetobacter (choice D) typically causes respiratory infections, not gastrointestinal illnesses like cholera. Therefore, the correct choice is Vibrio as it is specifically associated with cholera.
Which of the following bacteria is associated with causing bacterial meningitis?
- A. Neisseria meningitidis
- B. Haemophilus influenzae
- C. Streptococcus pneumoniae
- D. All of the above
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: All of the above. Neisseria meningitidis, Haemophilus influenzae, and Streptococcus pneumoniae are all bacteria associated with causing bacterial meningitis. Neisseria meningitidis commonly causes meningococcal meningitis, Haemophilus influenzae can cause H. influenzae type b meningitis, and Streptococcus pneumoniae is a common cause of pneumococcal meningitis. Therefore, all three bacteria are known to be causative agents of bacterial meningitis. The other choices are incorrect as they do not encompass all the bacteria associated with causing bacterial meningitis.
Which of the following bacteria is associated with Lyme disease?
- A. Borrelia burgdorferi
- B. Clostridium botulinum
- C. Escherichia coli
- D. Streptococcus pneumoniae
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Borrelia burgdorferi. This bacterium is associated with Lyme disease, a tick-borne illness. Borrelia burgdorferi is transmitted to humans through the bite of infected black-legged ticks. It causes a range of symptoms, including fever, rash, joint pain, and neurological problems.
Summary:
B: Clostridium botulinum is associated with botulism, a serious illness caused by a toxin produced by this bacterium.
C: Escherichia coli is a common bacterium found in the intestines of humans and animals, some strains can cause food poisoning.
D: Streptococcus pneumoniae is a bacterium that can cause pneumonia and other respiratory infections, but not Lyme disease.
Which bacteria is a common cause of urinary tract infections (UTIs)?
- A. Clostridium tetani
- B. Escherichia coli
- C. Mycobacterium leprae
- D. Bacillus anthracis
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Escherichia coli. E. coli is the most common cause of UTIs due to its ability to colonize the urinary tract. It possesses adhesive factors that enable it to attach to the bladder and cause infection. Clostridium tetani causes tetanus, Mycobacterium leprae causes leprosy, and Bacillus anthracis causes anthrax, none of which are typically associated with UTIs. E. coli's prevalence in the gut and its pathogenic mechanisms make it the leading cause of UTIs.
Which of the following is true regarding gonorrhea symptoms in men?
- A. Testicular pain and epididymal tenderness are often present
- B. Painful urination is always present
- C. 10% of the infected men have no symptoms
- D. Purulent discharge from the urethra is always present
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: 10% of the infected men have no symptoms. This is true because gonorrhea can be asymptomatic in some individuals, leading to undiagnosed cases. Testicular pain and epididymal tenderness (choice A) are not typical symptoms of gonorrhea in men. Painful urination (choice B) may or may not be present. Purulent discharge (choice D) is a common symptom but not always present. Therefore, choice C is the most accurate statement regarding gonorrhea symptoms in men.