Nokea
Bacterial infections of the female reproductive system include:
- A. vaginitis, toxic shock syndrome, endometritis, and salpingitis
- B. nephritis, endometritis, vaginitis, and pelvic inflammatory disease
- C. toxic shock syndrome, nephritis, endometritis, and cystitis
- D. endometritis, vaginitis, cystitis, and toxic shock syndrome
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Rationale:
1. Vaginitis is a common bacterial infection in the female reproductive system.
2. Toxic shock syndrome can be caused by certain bacterial infections.
3. Endometritis is inflammation of the endometrium often due to bacterial infections.
4. Salpingitis is inflammation of the fallopian tubes, commonly caused by bacteria.
Summary:
- Choice B: Nephritis is a kidney infection, not related to female reproductive system infections.
- Choice C: Nephritis and cystitis are not specific to the female reproductive system.
- Choice D: Cystitis is a bladder infection, not typically considered part of female reproductive system infections.
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During the staining of sputum smear of a patient with suspected croupous pneumonia the following reactives and stainers were used: gentian violet solution, Lugol's solution, 960 spiritus and water fuchsin. What method of staining is used in this case?
- A. Leffler's
- B. Gram's
- C. Ziehl-Neelsen's
- D. Neisser's
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Gram's staining method. The rationale for this is as follows: Gentian violet and Lugol's solution are used as primary and mordant stains in the Gram's staining method. Spiritus 960 is used as a decolorizer, and water fuchsin is used as a counterstain. This staining method is commonly used in microbiology to differentiate bacteria into Gram-positive and Gram-negative based on their cell wall characteristics.
A: Leffler's staining method is used for the identification of diphtheria bacilli.
C: Ziehl-Neelsen's staining method is used for acid-fast bacteria like Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
D: Neisser's staining method is used for the identification of Neisseria species.
In summary, the use of specific reactives and stainers in the question indicates the application of the Gram's staining method for bacterial differentiation.
The branch of pharmacology that addresses drug amounts at various sites in the body after drug administration is called:
- A. pharmacodynamics
- B. pharmacokinetics
- C. pharmacotherapeutics
- D. pharmacy
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: pharmacokinetics. Pharmacokinetics is the study of drug movement in the body, including absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion. It focuses on how the body processes a drug over time. Pharmacodynamics (A) is the study of the effects drugs have on the body. Pharmacotherapeutics (C) involves using drugs to treat diseases. Pharmacy (D) is the practice of preparing and dispensing medications. Pharmacokinetics specifically deals with drug concentrations at different body sites after administration, making it the most appropriate choice for this question.
A patient with severe abdominal pain and diarrhea had a stool sample cultured. The bacteria were Gram-negative rods that did not ferment lactose. What is the most likely causative agent?
- A. Salmonella enterica
- B. Shigella dysenteriae
- C. Escherichia coli
- D. Proteus vulgaris
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Salmonella enterica. This is because Salmonella are Gram-negative rods that do not ferment lactose, which fits the description in the question. Additionally, Salmonella is a common cause of severe abdominal pain and diarrhea. Shigella dysenteriae is a Gram-negative rod that also causes severe diarrhea but it does not share the characteristic of not fermenting lactose. Escherichia coli is a Gram-negative rod that does ferment lactose. Proteus vulgaris is also a Gram-negative rod but it is not commonly associated with severe abdominal pain and diarrhea, making it an unlikely causative agent in this scenario.
A patient with convulsive contractions of facial muscles was admitted to the infectious disease ward. From a scratch on his lower right extremity analysts isolated bacteria with terminal endospores that gave them drumstick appearance. What bacteria are compliant with given description?
- A. Clostridium tetani
- B. Clostridium botulinum
- C. Clostridium perfringens
- D. Bacillus anthracis
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Step-by-step rationale for the correct answer (A - Clostridium tetani):
1. The patient has convulsive contractions of facial muscles, indicating tetanus.
2. Isolation of bacteria with terminal endospores that have a drumstick appearance is characteristic of Clostridium tetani.
3. Clostridium tetani produces tetanospasmin toxin causing muscle spasms.
4. Therefore, the correct answer is Clostridium tetani (A).
Summary of why other choices are incorrect:
B: Clostridium botulinum causes botulism, not tetanus.
C: Clostridium perfringens causes gas gangrene, not tetanus.
D: Bacillus anthracis causes anthrax, not tetanus.
Study of bacteriological sputum specimens stained by the Ziel-Neelsen method revealed some bright-red acid-resistant bacilli that were found in groups or singularly. When inoculated onto the nutrient media, the signs of their growth show up on the 10-15 day. These bacteria relate to the following family:
- A. Micobacterium tuberculosis
- B. Yersinia pseudotuberculosis
- C. Histoplasma dubrosii
- D. Klebsiella rhinoscleromatis
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
1. Bright-red acid-resistant bacilli indicate the presence of mycolic acids in the cell wall, characteristic of Mycobacterium species.
2. Found in groups or singularly suggests the clumping nature of acid-fast bacilli.
3. Growth appearing after 10-15 days on nutrient media is consistent with the slow growth rate of Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
4. Yersinia pseudotuberculosis (B) and Klebsiella rhinoscleromatis (D) are not acid-fast bacilli and do not match the growth characteristics described.
5. Histoplasma dubrosii (C) is a fungus, not a bacterium, and does not exhibit acid-fast staining or the described growth pattern.