Nokea
What are the treatment options for Wilson's disease?
- A. Penicillamine
- B. Riboflavin
- C. Trientine
- D. Potassium disulfide
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct treatment option for Wilson's disease is A: Penicillamine. Penicillamine is a chelating agent that helps remove excess copper from the body. It binds to copper, forming a stable complex that can be excreted in the urine. Riboflavin (B) is a vitamin and not used in Wilson's disease treatment. Trientine (C) is another chelating agent used in Wilson's disease treatment but is not as commonly prescribed as penicillamine. Potassium disulfide (D) is not a recognized treatment for Wilson's disease.
You may also like to solve these questions
In the Iron cycle, the transferrin receptor carries:
- A. Iron out of duodenal cells from the intestinal lumen
- B. Iron out of duodenal cells into the plasma
- C. Transferrin-bound iron in the plasma
- D. Transferrin-bound iron into erythrocytes
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because the transferrin receptor is responsible for transporting transferrin-bound iron into cells, particularly erythrocytes. This process allows for the delivery of iron to cells for various biological functions, such as hemoglobin synthesis. Choice A is incorrect as iron is typically absorbed into duodenal cells, not transported out. Choice B is incorrect as it does not align with the role of the transferrin receptor in importing iron. Choice C is incorrect as the transferrin-bound iron in the plasma is not directly handled by the transferrin receptor but rather serves as a carrier for iron transport.
An antigen is:
- A. Highly specific protein in response to foreign body
- B. Chemical inhibiting microorganism growth
- C. Antibody stimulating antibody production
- D. Chemical stimulating antibody production
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Step-by-step rationale for why answer D is correct:
1. An antigen is a substance that stimulates the production of antibodies.
2. Antigens can be proteins, carbohydrates, or other molecules that the immune system recognizes as foreign.
3. Antigens trigger the immune system to produce antibodies to neutralize or eliminate the foreign substance.
4. Therefore, the correct answer is D as it accurately describes the role of antigens in stimulating antibody production.
Summary:
A, B, and C are incorrect because:
A: Antigens are not proteins themselves but can be recognized by antibodies.
B: Antigens do not inhibit microorganism growth; they stimulate immune responses.
C: Antigens do not directly stimulate antibody production; they trigger the immune system to produce antibodies in response to foreign substances.
Which types of cells develop from yolk sacs (Mesoblastic phase)?
- A. Hb F, Hg A2, and Hg A
- B. Gower 1 and Gower 2 Hgb
- C. Portland Hgb
- D. Only Erythroblasts
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Correct Answer: D
Rationale:
1. During the mesoblastic phase of erythropoiesis in the yolk sac, only erythroblasts develop.
2. Erythroblasts are precursors of red blood cells and are responsible for producing hemoglobin.
3. Other choices (A, B, C) mention specific types of hemoglobins or cells that are not directly related to the mesoblastic phase.
4. Hb F, Hg A2, Hg A are adult hemoglobin types, Gower 1 and Gower 2 are embryonic hemoglobins, and Portland Hgb is an abnormal hemoglobin.
5. Therefore, the correct answer is D because only erythroblasts develop from yolk sacs during the mesoblastic phase.
Which usually rare cancer is associated with HIV?
- A. Astrocytoma
- B. Mesothelioma
- C. Penile cancer
- D. Kaposi's sarcoma
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Kaposi's sarcoma. This rare cancer is associated with HIV due to its link with weakened immune systems. HIV compromises the immune system, making individuals more susceptible to developing Kaposi's sarcoma. Astrocytoma, mesothelioma, and penile cancer are not commonly associated with HIV. Kaposi's sarcoma is characterized by skin lesions and can also affect internal organs, making it a distinctive cancer seen in HIV-positive individuals.
Which initiates the coagulation cascade in vivo?
- A. Factor XII
- B. Thrombin
- C. Tissue factor
- D. Factor X
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Correct Answer: C (Tissue factor)
Rationale:
1. Tissue factor initiates the extrinsic pathway of the coagulation cascade by forming a complex with Factor VII.
2. This complex activates Factor X to Xa, leading to the common pathway of coagulation.
3. Factor XII is part of the intrinsic pathway and is not the primary initiator in vivo.
4. Thrombin is generated downstream in the cascade and amplifies coagulation but does not initiate it.
5. Factor X is activated further downstream in the common pathway and is not the primary initiator.