Nokea
What can be a potential consequence of consuming insufficient fat?
- A. constipation
- B. marasmus
- C. infertility
- D. diverticulitis
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C. Fat is crucial for the production of hormones, including reproductive hormones. Consuming too little fat can lead to hormonal imbalances, affecting fertility. Choices A, B, and D are incorrect. Constipation is more commonly associated with insufficient fiber intake, marasmus is severe malnutrition due to overall calorie deficiency, and diverticulitis is often related to low fiber intake and not specifically low fat consumption.
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Patients with kidney stones should increase their intake of:
- A. fluids
- B. vitamin C
- C. oxalates
- D. protein
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Patients with kidney stones should increase their intake of fluids. Increasing fluid intake helps to dilute the urine and reduce the risk of kidney stones forming by flushing out minerals that can crystallize. This promotes the passage of small stones and helps prevent the formation of new ones. Vitamin C and protein intake should be moderated as excessive consumption may lead to the formation of certain types of kidney stones. Oxalates should be limited in the diet as they can contribute to the formation of calcium oxalate stones, a common type of kidney stone.
What are the potential consequences of damage to the stomach?
- A. Reduced digestion of carbohydrates
- B. Inability to produce or secrete bile
- C. Inability to produce or secrete gastric acid
- D. Increased ability to produce or secrete intrinsic factor
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Damage to the stomach can lead to a reduced ability to produce gastric acid (Choice C) and intrinsic factor, the latter of which is crucial for vitamin B12 absorption (Choice D). That's why these two choices are correct. The stomach doesn't play a direct role in the digestion of carbohydrates (Choice A) as this process primarily occurs in the small intestine with the help of pancreatic enzymes. Similarly, bile is produced by the liver and stored in the gallbladder, not the stomach, hence stomach damage wouldn't lead to an inability to produce or secrete bile (Choice B).
What is the most common type of kidney stone?
- A. Cystine
- B. Calcium
- C. Struvite
- D. Uric acid
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The most common type of kidney stone is calcium-based, specifically calcium oxalate. This is usually due to high calcium levels in the urine, which can be caused by dietary factors or certain metabolic disorders. Cystine stones, on the other hand, are less common and occur in individuals with a hereditary disorder leading to excessive excretion of certain amino acids. Struvite stones are often formed in response to an infection. Uric acid stones may occur in individuals who do not consume sufficient fluids or who lose too much fluid, among other factors. Therefore, while all these substances can form stones in the kidneys, calcium stones are the most common.
Which mineral is a principal component of cell membranes?
- A. phosphorus
- B. magnesium
- C. iron
- D. iodine
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Phosphorus is the correct answer. It is a key component of cell membranes, being part of the phospholipid bilayer that provides structure and controls the movement of substances in and out of cells. Magnesium, iron, and iodine do not serve as principal components of cell membranes. Magnesium is involved in various enzymatic reactions, iron is essential for oxygen transport, and iodine plays a role in thyroid hormone synthesis.
Which lipid contains 3 fatty acids?
- A. cholesterol
- B. phospholipid
- C. saturated
- D. triglyceride
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is 'D. triglyceride.' Triglycerides are composed of one glycerol molecule and three fatty acids, making them the primary form of stored fat in the body. Cholesterol (A) is a different type of lipid, phospholipids (B) have two fatty acids, and 'saturated' (C) refers to the structure of fatty acids, not a specific lipid containing 3 fatty acids.