Nokea
What condition is defined as reduced visual acuity in one eye despite appropriate optical correction?
- A. Myopia
- B. Hyperopia
- C. Amblyopia
- D. Astigmatism
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Amblyopia, or lazy eye, is reduced visual acuity in one eye despite correction, often due to insufficient visual stimulation. Myopia is nearsightedness, hyperopia is farsightedness, and astigmatism involves unequal refractive curvatures, none of which define amblyopia.
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Autism is a complex developmental disorder. The diagnostic criteria for autism include delayed or abnormal functioning in which area with onset before age 3 years?
- A. Parallel play
- B. Gross motor development
- C. Ability to maintain eye contact
- D. Growth below the fifth percentile
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: A hallmark of autism spectrum disorders is the inability to maintain eye contact, reflecting impaired social interaction, with onset before age 3. Parallel play and gross motor development are typically unaffected, and physical growth is not a diagnostic criterion.
The nurse is discussing sexuality with the parents of an adolescent girl who has a moderate cognitive impairment. What factor should the nurse consider when dealing with this issue?
- A. Sterilization is recommended for any adolescent with cognitive impairment.
- B. Sexual drive and interest are very limited in individuals with cognitive impairment.
- C. Individuals with cognitive impairment need a well-defined, concrete code of sexual conduct.
- D. Sexual intercourse rarely occurs unless the individual with cognitive impairment is sexually abused.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: A concrete code of sexual conduct helps adolescents with cognitive impairment navigate social situations safely due to their susceptibility to persuasion and limited judgment. Sterilization is ethically complex and not universally recommended, sexual drive is not necessarily limited, and intercourse can occur without abuse, necessitating education.
The nurse should suspect a hearing impairment in an infant who fails to demonstrate which behavior?
- A. Babbling by age 12 months
- B. Eye contact when being spoken to
- C. Startle or blink reflex to sound
- D. Gesturing to indicate wants after age 15 months
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Absence of babbling by 7 months, and certainly by 12 months, suggests hearing impairment, as it indicates a lack of auditory input for language development. Eye contact and gesturing are not directly tied to hearing, and a startle reflex may occur with loud noises despite hearing issues.
A newborn assessment shows a separated sagittal suture, oblique palpebral fissures, a depressed nasal bridge, a protruding tongue, and transverse palmar creases. These findings are most suggestive of which condition?
- A. Microcephaly
- B. Cerebral palsy
- C. Down syndrome
- D. Fragile X syndrome
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: These physical characteristics, including a separated sagittal suture and protruding tongue, are hallmark signs of Down syndrome. Microcephaly involves a small head, cerebral palsy lacks specific physical signs at birth, and fragile X syndrome presents different features like a long face and large ears.
Many of the clinical features of Down syndrome present challenges to caregivers. Based on these features, what intervention should the nurse include in the childs care?
- A. Encourage parents to limit feeding attempts because of the tongue thrust.
- B. Modify the diet as necessary to minimize the diarrhea that often occurs.
- C. Provide calories appropriate to the childs mental age.
- D. Use a cool-mist vaporizer to keep the mucous membranes moist and secretions liquefied.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: A cool-mist vaporizer helps keep mucous membranes moist, reducing the risk of respiratory infections due to mouth breathing from a stuffy nose, a common issue in Down syndrome. Limiting feeding ignores the need to persist through tongue thrust, constipation is more common than diarrhea, and calories should match physical growth needs, not mental age.