Nokea
What could happen to the woman’s serum osmolality as a result of this meal?
- A. Increased
- B. No change
- C. Decreased
- D. Unchanged
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The meal contains high amounts of sodium from salt pork and gravy, which would increase serum osmolality due to increased sodium concentration in the blood.
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Ribosomes associated with cells or organelles have a certain size, which is expressed in Svedberg units. Which associations are incorrect?
- A. cyanobacteria - 80s
- B. chloroplasts - 60s
- C. photosynthetic bacteria - 80s
- D. green algal cytoplasm - 80s
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A because cyanobacteria have ribosomes measured in 70s, not 80s. Ribosomes in prokaryotes are either 70s (composed of 50s and 30s subunits) or 80s in eukaryotes (60s and 40s subunits). Choices B, C, and D are incorrect because chloroplasts, photosynthetic bacteria, and green algal cytoplasm all have ribosomes measured in 70s or 80s, consistent with their cell types.
Which nutrients aid in capillary synthesis and collagen production by the fibroblasts in wound healing?
- A. Fats
- B. Proteins
- C. Vitamin C
- D. Vitamin A
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Vitamin C plays a crucial role in collagen synthesis, which is essential for wound healing. It supports the formation of new blood vessels (angiogenesis) and strengthens connective tissue.
Which of the following best describes granuloma formation?
- A. IgE-mediated mast cell activation
- B. Persistent recruitment of macrophages around undigested antigens
- C. Deposition of immune complexes in tissues
- D. Complement-mediated cell lysis
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Granuloma formation is characterized by the persistent recruitment of macrophages around undigested antigens. Initially, macrophages attempt to phagocytose the antigen but fail to digest it completely, leading to the formation of a granuloma. This process is a protective mechanism to isolate the antigen and prevent its spread. IgE-mediated mast cell activation (choice A) is associated with allergic reactions, not granuloma formation. Deposition of immune complexes in tissues (choice C) is linked to immune complex-mediated diseases, not granuloma formation. Complement-mediated cell lysis (choice D) involves the destruction of target cells by the complement system, which is not directly related to granuloma formation.
Which antibody isotype is involved in allergic reactions?
- A. IgG
- B. IgM
- C. IgA
- D. IgE
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: IgE. IgE is the antibody isotype involved in allergic reactions. It binds to allergens and triggers the release of histamine and other chemicals, leading to allergic symptoms. IgG (choice A) is involved in long-term immunity, IgM (choice B) is the first antibody produced in response to an infection, and IgA (choice C) is mainly found in mucosal areas and helps prevent pathogens from entering the body. IgE is specifically associated with allergic responses due to its role in triggering the release of inflammatory mediators in response to allergens.
Priority Decision: While caring for a patient who is at the nadir of chemotherapy, the nurse establishes the highest priority for nursing actions related to
- A. diarrhea
- B. grieving
- C. risk for infection
- D. inadequate nutritional intake
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: At the nadir, the patient's white blood cell count is lowest, increasing the risk for infection, making it the highest priority.