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What factor differentiates a malignant tumor from a benign tumor?
- A. It causes death
- B. It grows at a faster rate
- C. It is often encapsulated
- D. It invades and metastasizes
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Malignant tumors invade surrounding tissues and can metastasize to distant sites, whereas benign tumors do not exhibit these characteristics.
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What is a key concept of the evolutionary arms race between hosts and pathogens?
- A. Both evolve to outcompete the other
- B. Pathogens evolve faster due to slow host mutation rates
- C. Hosts rely on chemical barriers rather than evolution
- D. Pathogens only evolve when hosts fail to adapt
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Step 1: Evolutionary arms race involves a continuous cycle of adaptations by both hosts and pathogens to gain an advantage.
Step 2: Both parties strive to outcompete each other to survive and reproduce.
Step 3: This leads to a dynamic process where hosts evolve defense mechanisms while pathogens evolve ways to overcome them.
Step 4: Therefore, the key concept is that both hosts and pathogens evolve to outcompete each other in the evolutionary arms race.
Summary:
- Option B is incorrect as hosts can also evolve rapidly through mechanisms like recombination.
- Option C is incorrect as hosts do evolve through genetic changes, not just relying on chemical barriers.
- Option D is incorrect as pathogens continuously evolve strategies, not just when hosts fail to adapt.
Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) is caused when the carpal tunnel compresses which location?
- A. Radial artery
- B. Brachial artery
- C. Median nerve
- D. Ulnar nerve
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Median nerve. Carpal tunnel syndrome occurs when the median nerve is compressed within the carpal tunnel in the wrist. This compression leads to symptoms like numbness, tingling, and weakness in the hand and fingers. The other choices are incorrect because the radial artery (A) and the brachial artery (B) are blood vessels, not nerves. The ulnar nerve (D) runs along a different path in the arm and is not involved in carpal tunnel syndrome.
Priority Decision: What is the most important nursing intervention for the prevention and treatment of pressure ulcers?
- A. Using pressure-reduction devices
- B. Massaging pressure areas with lotion
- C. Repositioning the patient a minimum of every 2 hours
- D. Using lift sheets and trapeze bars to facilitate patient movement
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Regular repositioning prevents prolonged pressure on vulnerable areas, reducing the risk of tissue ischemia and necrosis.
What dietary advice should the nurse give to clients with HIV/AIDS?
- A. Encourage intake of fat-soluble vitamins in amounts two to five times the RDA
- B. Encourage intake of water-soluble vitamins in amounts two to five times the RDA
- C. Increase the intake of iron and zinc
- D. Decrease the intake of trace element and antioxidant supplements
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Water-soluble vitamins are crucial for immune function and are often depleted in HIV/AIDS patients so increasing their intake is beneficial.
The site of ATP synthesis in microorganisms includes:
- A. cytoplasmic membranes
- B. cell walls
- C. chloroplasts
- D. mitochondria
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: cell walls. Microorganisms, such as bacteria and archaea, do not have mitochondria or chloroplasts. ATP synthesis in microorganisms primarily occurs in the cell walls through processes like glycolysis and fermentation. Cytoplasmic membranes are involved in electron transport and ATP synthesis in prokaryotic cells, not cell walls. Chloroplasts are only present in photosynthetic organisms, not in microorganisms.