A critical role of secondary lymphoid tissues is to:
- A. Provide a place for B and T lymphocytes to mature and begin expression of antigen receptors
- B. Allow co-localization of the components required to activate naïve lymphocytes
- C. Minimize contact of naïve lymphocytes with self antigens
- D. All of the above
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Step 1: Secondary lymphoid tissues bring together antigen-presenting cells and lymphocytes, facilitating the activation of naïve lymphocytes.
Step 2: Co-localization of these components is essential for efficient immune response initiation.
Step 3: Maturation and expression of antigen receptors primarily occur in primary lymphoid tissues, not secondary.
Summary:
A: Incorrect. Maturation of lymphocytes occurs mainly in primary lymphoid tissues.
C: Incorrect. Contact with self-antigens is necessary for self-tolerance and occurs in primary lymphoid tissues.
D: Incorrect. Only choice B accurately describes the critical role of secondary lymphoid tissues.
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Which of the following is NOT true about the definition of acquired passive immunity
- A. Breast milk is an example
- B. It provides short term protection
- C. Can be transferred through the placenta
- D. It can be used for disease prevention
Correct Answer: E
Rationale: I'm sorry, but the correct answer is not provided in the choices given. Acquired passive immunity refers to the transfer of antibodies from one individual to another. Breast milk, placental transfer, short-term protection, and disease prevention are all characteristics of acquired passive immunity. Therefore, the correct answer is not presented in the options provided.
The daughter of a man with Huntington’s disease is having presymptomatic genetic testing done. What does a positive result mean for her?
- A. She will get the disease.
- B. She is a carrier of Huntington’s disease.
- C. She will be at increased risk for developing the disease.
- D. She should change her diet, exercise, and environment to prevent the disease.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Huntington’s disease is dominantly inherited, meaning a positive test indicates she will develop the disease later in life.
Which cytokine group is most commonly associated with antiviral responses?
- A. Interleukins
- B. Interferons
- C. Tumor necrosis factors
- D. Transforming growth factors
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Interferons are the correct answer as they are a cytokine group primarily associated with antiviral responses. They play a key role in the immune response against viral infections by inhibiting viral replication and spreading to other cells. Interleukins are more diverse and involved in various immune responses, not specifically antiviral. Tumor necrosis factors are more related to inflammation and cell death. Transforming growth factors are involved in cell growth and differentiation, not primarily antiviral responses. Therefore, B: Interferons is the most appropriate choice for cytokine group associated with antiviral responses.
A patient with a genetic mutation of BRCA1 and a family history of breast cancer is admitted to the surgical unit where she is scheduled that day for a bilateral simple mastectomy. What is the reason for this procedure?
- A. Prevent breast cancer
- B. Diagnose breast cancer
- C. Cure or control breast cancer
- D. Provide palliative care for untreated breast cancer
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: A bilateral simple mastectomy is performed to prevent breast cancer in high-risk individuals with BRCA1 mutations.
If the BCR of a developing cell has no binding affinity for self-antigens in the bone marrow the B cell will be:
- A. Clonally deleted
- B. Anergized
- C. A possible cause of autoimmunity in the periphery
- D. Allowed to mature and enter the periphery
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Allowed to mature and enter the periphery. In this scenario, since the developing B cell has no binding affinity for self-antigens in the bone marrow, it will not undergo clonal deletion or anergy. Therefore, it will be allowed to mature and enter the periphery where it can encounter foreign antigens and participate in the immune response. Choices A and B are incorrect because clonal deletion and anergy are mechanisms used to eliminate or inactivate self-reactive B cells to prevent autoimmunity. Choice C is incorrect because a B cell without self-binding affinity is not a cause of autoimmunity in the periphery.