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What is a chronic condition where the blood pressure in the arteries is persistently elevated, increasing the risk of heart disease and stroke?
- A. Hypertension
- B. Hypotension
- C. Hyperlipidemia
- D. Hyperglycemia
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Hypertension. Hypertension is characterized by persistently elevated blood pressure, which increases the risk of heart disease and stroke. This condition is commonly referred to as high blood pressure. Hypotension (B) is the opposite, indicating low blood pressure. Hyperlipidemia (C) is high levels of fats in the blood, not directly related to blood pressure. Hyperglycemia (D) is high blood sugar levels, also not directly related to blood pressure. Therefore, based on the definition and associated health risks, A is the correct choice.
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Which term refers to the ability of the heart to initiate impulses repetitively and spontaneously?
- A. Contractility
- B. Excitability
- C. Automaticity
- D. Rhythmicity
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Automaticity. Automaticity refers to the ability of the heart to generate electrical impulses spontaneously, without external stimulation. This allows the heart to initiate its own contractions independently of external influences. Contractility (A) refers to the ability of the heart muscle to contract in response to an electrical stimulus. Excitability (B) refers to the ability of cardiac cells to respond to an electrical stimulus. Rhythmicity (D) refers to the regularity of the heart's electrical impulses. Thus, C is the correct answer as it specifically addresses the heart's ability to generate impulses spontaneously.
The client is on enalapril (Vasotec) for hypertension. What side effect is most commonly associated with this medication?
- A. Dry cough
- B. Hypotension
- C. Hyperkalemia
- D. Headache
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Dry cough. Enalapril is an ACE inhibitor, which commonly causes a dry cough due to increased bradykinin levels. This side effect is well-documented in literature and can lead to medication non-adherence. Other choices (B) Hypotension, (C) Hyperkalemia, and (D) Headache are potential side effects of enalapril but are not as commonly associated as dry cough. Hypotension and hyperkalemia are more serious adverse effects that require monitoring, while headache is a less common side effect compared to dry cough.
What is a device that delivers a fine spray of medication into the airways?
- A. Nebulizer
- B. Inhaler
- C. Oxygen concentrator
- D. Peak flow meter
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Nebulizer. A nebulizer is a device that delivers medication in the form of a fine spray into the airways, making it easier for the patient to inhale the medication and reach the lungs. It is commonly used for treating respiratory conditions such as asthma and COPD. Inhalers (B) deliver medication in a different format, through a measured dose of medication in aerosol form. Oxygen concentrators (C) provide supplemental oxygen and do not deliver medication. Peak flow meters (D) are used to measure the peak expiratory flow rate and are not used to deliver medication.
Which of the following is a chronic respiratory disease characterized by the irreversible obstruction of airflow?
- A. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
- B. Asthma
- C. Pulmonary edema
- D. Bronchiectasis
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). COPD is a chronic respiratory disease characterized by irreversible airflow obstruction due to conditions such as emphysema and chronic bronchitis. This is because COPD causes damage to the airways and alveoli, leading to decreased airflow. Asthma (B) is a chronic inflammatory disease with reversible airflow obstruction. Pulmonary edema (C) is caused by fluid accumulation in the lungs, leading to difficulty in breathing but is not characterized by irreversible airflow obstruction. Bronchiectasis (D) involves the widening and scarring of the airways, leading to recurrent infections, but it is not specifically characterized by irreversible airflow obstruction.
A client with dysrhythmia has decreased cardiac output. Which of the following nursing interventions is essential to maintain adequate cardiac output?
- A. Encourage mild exercises
- B. Place the client in supine position
- C. Ensure a client IV access
- D. Provide supplemental oxygen
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Supplemental oxygen improves oxygen delivery to tissues, supporting cardiac output in clients with dysrhythmias.